Streamlining IPv6 Functionality for Low Power Nodes

The internet of things is a new paradigm where smart embedded devices are connected to the internet. In this context, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are becoming an important alternative for sensing and actuating critical applications like industrial automation, healthcare, etc. 6LoWPAN provides a means of carrying packet in the form of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 and other networks. It provides end-to-end IPv6, and as such, it is able to provide direct connectivity to a huge variety of networks and to the internet. It uses an adaptation layer for fragmenting and reassembling of the IPv6 packets. Due to its low-cost communication network, it allows IoT connectivity with limited power and throughput. It can be used to overcome the challenges that are faced during the integration of WSN and IP protocols. This chapter briefly discusses IoT followed by an introduction to IPv6 and 6LoWPAN in detail along with architecture that suits IoT, 6LoWPAN mote design features and functions. It also focus on the advantages of LoWPAN with respect to IoT and its security along with smart city case studies.

Adversarial Campaign Mitigation via ROC-Centric Prognostics

Machine learning models are vulnerable to adversarial inputs that induce seemingly unjustifiable errors. As automated classifiers are increasingly used in industrial control systems and machinery, these adversarial errors could grow to be a serious problem. Despite numerous studies over the past few years, the field of adversarial ML is still considered alchemy, with no practical unbroken defenses demonstrated to date, leaving PHM practitioners with few meaningful ways of addressing the problem. We introduce “turbidity detection” as a practical superset of the adversarial input detection problem, coping with adversarial campaigns rather than statistically invisible one-offs. This perspective is coupled with ROC-theoretic design guidance that prescribes an inexpensive domain adaptation layer at the output of a deep learning model during an attack campaign. The result aims to approximate the Bayes optimal mitigation that ameliorates the detection model’s degraded health. A proactively reactive type of prognostics is achieved via Monte Carlo simulation of various adversarial campaign scenarios, by sampling from the model’s own turbidity distribution to quickly deploy the correct mitigation during a real-world campaign.

Multi-Media and Multi-Band Based Adaptation Layer Techniques for Underwater Sensor Networks

In the last few decades, underwater communication systems have been widely used for the development of navy, military, business, and safety applications, etc. However, in underwater communication systems, there are several challenging issues, such as limitations in bandwidth, propagation delay, 3D topology, media access control, routing, resource utilization, and power constraints. Underwater communication systems work under severe channel conditions such as ambient noise, frequency selectivity, multi-path and Doppler shifts. In order to collect and transmit the data in effective ways, multi-media/multi-band-based adaptation layer technology is proposed in this paper. The underwater communication scenario comprises of Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (UUVs), Surface gateways, sensor nodes, etc. The transmission of data starts from sensor nodes to surface gateway in a hierarchical manner through multiple channels. In order to provide strong and reliable communication underwater, the adaptation layer uses a multi-band/multi-media approach for transferring data. Hence, in this paper, existing techniques for splitting the band such as Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA), or Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) are used for splitting the frequency band, and the medium selection mechanism is proposed to carry the signal through different media such as Acoustic, Visible Light Communication (VLC), and Infrared (IR) signals in underwater. For the channel selection mechanism, two phases are involved: 1. Finding the distance of near and far nodes using Manhattan method, and 2. Medium selection and data transferring algorithm for choosing different media.

Improvement of Surgical Treatment for Post-Ambustial Cicatrical Deformations Using Vacuum Therapy

Background Improvement of treatment results in patients with cicatrical deformations by means of new surgical techniques and vacuum dressings is the aim of this study. Material and Methods We described clinical results after vacuum therapy application for reconstructive surgical treatment after facial and cervical cicatrical deformation caused by burns. Patients underwent dissection of cicatrical blocks, and then we performed layer-by-layer autodermoplasty with further vacuum dressing placement. Results Engraftment of tissue autotransplant took 507 days and we observed reliable clinical result. Conclusions Vacuum therapy favours optimal conditions for rapid engraftment and adaptation layer-bylayer tissue autotransplants.

TCP adaptation with network coding and opportunistic data forwarding in multi-hop wireless networks

Opportunistic data forwarding significantly increases the throughput in multi-hop wireless mesh networks by utilizing the broadcast nature of wireless transmissions and the fluctuation of link qualities. Network coding strengthens the robustness of data transmissions over unreliable wireless links. However, opportunistic data forwarding and network coding are rarely incorporated with TCP because the frequent occurrences of out-of-order packets in opportunistic data forwarding and long decoding delay in network coding overthrow TCP’s congestion control. In this paper, we propose a solution dubbed TCPFender, which supports opportunistic data forwarding and network coding in TCP. Our solution adds an adaptation layer to mask the packet loss caused by wireless link errors and provides early positive feedbacks to trigger a larger congestion window for TCP. This adaptation layer functions over the network layer and reduces the delay of ACKs for each coded packet. The simulation results show that TCPFender significantly outperforms TCP/IP in terms of the network throughput in different topologies of wireless networks.