Hybrid Multi-Cloud Demystifying SLAs for Smart City Enterprises Using IoT Applications

Cloud computing migrations are increasing rapidly. The main influencing factor being IT management costs. IoT-based enterprises that started their cloud journey by setting up small private clouds within their enterprise have often found that as the applications and services they use broaden. Then the shift towards incorporating public clouds becomes inevitable. The current problem that many of these firms are encountering is the difficulty of managing multiple clouds that reside within different vendors running on different platforms, computational requirements, and vendor SLAs. Lack of support for a single standard for an overall multi-cloud hybrid model exposes the hybrid IT-management to further threats. This makes it difficult for an adopting enterprise to manage and maintain its cloud-based systems during peak performance hours, which often leads to system downtime. This chapter discusses various SLA issues specific to a hybrid multi-cloud environment and suggests possible solutions to help adopting firms in their management.

Antennas for IoT Application

Under the umbrella of 5G there are many technology projects (e.g., internet of things, in-vehicle communication, smart cities, e-health systems, etc.). To understand the concept of IoT, the authors first understand the revolution of technological networks and later discuss what IoT is, the importance of antennas, and future vision.

Internet of Drones-Enabled Smart Cities

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to provide data service to users as aerial base stations, as gateways to collect the data from various sensors, and as sensor-mounted aerial platforms deployed in smart cities. The study in this chapter initially starts with the air-to-ground (A2G) channel model. Due to the unavailability of channel parameters for UAVs at low altitudes, measurements were performed using a radio propagation simulator for generalized environments developed using ITU-R parameters. Further, cell coverage analysis is shown with simulation results obtained from the ray tracing. Later, an optimal replacement to UDNs was proposed to support the flash crowds and smart cites known as ultra-dense cloud drone network. This system is advantageous as it offers reduction in total cost of ownership due to its on-demand capability. Further, work is shown on implementing parameters for 5G physical layer with generalized frequency division multiplexing modulation over A2G channel on the UAV network to provide reliable and faster connectivity for ground users and sensors.

Powering Healthcare IoT Sensors-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerator

Most of the emerging electronic devices are wearable in nature. However, the frequent changing or charging the battery of all wearable devices is the big challenge. Interestingly, with those wearable devices that are directly associated with the human body, the body can be used in transferring or generating energy in a number of techniques. One technique is triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG). This chapter covers different applications where the human body is used as a triboelectric layer and as a sensor. Wearable TENG has been discussed in detail based on four basic modes that could be used to monitor the human health. In all the discussions, the main focus is to power the wearable healthcare internet of things (IoT) sensor through human body motion based on self-powered TENG. The IoT sensors-based wearable devices related to human body can be used to develop smart body temperature sensors, pressure sensors, smart textiles, and fitness tracking sensors.

Internet of Things-Based Healthcare Applications

The demand for global healthcare systems for human health improvement is ever growing. Internet of things (IoT) has influenced every industry in the market. IoT-based healthcare monitoring systems have emerged using smart gateways between sensor networks and the internet. This chapter aims at focusing on the impact of IoT on healthcare and explores the difference that IoT has made in the recent years. IoT applications in healthcare have helped people keep track of their medical requirements such as reminding them of appointments, keeping a check on calorie count, variations in blood pressure, a check on exercises, and many more. In this chapter, studies of IoT-based healthcare applications are presented. The chapter begins with the introduction and history of IoT in healthcare, sharing state of the art, architecture, applications of IoT in healthcare, advantages, future concerns and challenges, and future of IoT in healthcare, followed by conclusion.

Reliability and Security Challenges in Electrical/Optical On-Chip Interconnects for IoT Applications

The evolution of internet of things (IoT) applications, cloud computing, smart cities, and 4G/5G wireless communication systems have significantly increased the demands for on chip processing. Network on chip (NoC) is a viable alternative that can provide higher processing and bandwidth for increasing demands. NoC offers better performance and more flexibility with lower communication latency and higher throughput. However, use of NoC-based IoT devices have raised concerns on security and reliability of integrated chips (IC), which is used in almost every application. IoT devices share data that becomes vulnerable to attack and can be compromised during the data transfer. Keeping in view these security challenges, a detailed survey is presented that covers the security issues and challenges focusing on NoCs along with proposed countermeasures to secure on-chip communication. This study includes on-chip security issues for electrical as well as optical on-chip interconnects.

Streamlining IPv6 Functionality for Low Power Nodes

The internet of things is a new paradigm where smart embedded devices are connected to the internet. In this context, wireless sensor networks (WSN) are becoming an important alternative for sensing and actuating critical applications like industrial automation, healthcare, etc. 6LoWPAN provides a means of carrying packet in the form of IPv6 over IEEE 802.15.4 and other networks. It provides end-to-end IPv6, and as such, it is able to provide direct connectivity to a huge variety of networks and to the internet. It uses an adaptation layer for fragmenting and reassembling of the IPv6 packets. Due to its low-cost communication network, it allows IoT connectivity with limited power and throughput. It can be used to overcome the challenges that are faced during the integration of WSN and IP protocols. This chapter briefly discusses IoT followed by an introduction to IPv6 and 6LoWPAN in detail along with architecture that suits IoT, 6LoWPAN mote design features and functions. It also focus on the advantages of LoWPAN with respect to IoT and its security along with smart city case studies.

Crop Health Monitoring Using IoT-Enabled Precision Agriculture

Agriculture holds paramount significance in Pakistan due to its high impact on gross domestic product (GDP). However, there is huge gap between actual production and estimated production in agriculture due to manual farming system, which is time-consuming, inefficient, and labor-intensive. As of today, ultra-modern technology such as Internet of Things (IoT) can assist in acquiring timely and accurate crop information essential for the success of precision agriculture technology. Towards such ends, the authors propose an IoT-based crop health monitoring system comprised of different sensors used in agricultural fields. Additionally, low altitude remote sensing platforms, such as drones, are used to capture the spectral imagery of the entire crop field of the study region. The development of such a system can be instrumental for crop status monitoring and localizing the areas under stress to maximize the agricultural output by leveraging the IoT technology.

AI and FPGA-Based IoT Architectures, Models, and Platforms for Smart City Application

Anything that has an IP address is IoT-enabled. In this chapter, the authors have surveyed nine different IoT-enabled designs from IoT-based water management cyber-physical system (IoT-WMCPS) to IoT-based random access memory (IoT-RAM). They have also surveyed a platform called Quickscript. The Quickscript platform is used to develop natural language based IoT system. The nine different IoT-enabled designs discussed in this chapter are IoT-enabled bicycle called Mo-Bike, IoT-enabled house, IoT-enabled water utility, IoT-enabled mining, IoT-enabled healthcare, IoT-enabled frame buffer, IoT-enabled RAM, IoT-enabled key generator, and IoT-enabled wi-fi encoder. In cyber physical systems for water supply, researchers are able to integrate IPv6 addresses into sensors, actuators, and controllers used in water supply systems. The IPv6 address is integrating into every object available in the city so that researchers may track any object when need occurs. We may locate freely available IoT-enabled bicycles if we need to go anywhere, and we may also trace bicycles in case of theft by criminals.

Industry 4.0 Privacy and Security Protocol Issues in Internet of Things

The main objectives of this chapter are to discuss the basics of IoT and its applications and to solve data security and privacy issues in Industry 4.0. Industry 4.0 is mainly focus on IoT technology. The IIoT is generating digital data, and that data is stored in cloud server. There are two major issues in this IIoT. The first one is data storage, and the second one is data security. Industry 4.0 is not only involved in the manufacturing industry. It is also in the transportation and automobile industries. Electrical, electronic, mechanical, and computer technology fields are involved in Industry 4.0. This chapter enhances the hybrid security protocol in Industrial IoT. This hybrid mechanism combines lightweight protocol and the probabilistic encryption (LPP) algorithm.