Impact of Magnesium Salt on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(vinyl alcohol)

The effects of magnesium salts with various anion species on the structure and properties of a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) film were studied. The glass transition temperature of the PVA film increased following the addition of a magnesium salt. Furthermore, the salt greatly enhanced the modulus and yield stress and reduced the crystallinity of the film. These effects were attributed to the strong ion–dipole interactions between the magnesium salts and the PVA chains. The strength of interaction, i.e., the reduction of segmental motions, depended on the anion species in the following order: Mg(ClO4)2, MgBr2, MgCl2, Mg(CH3COO)2, and MgSO4. The order corresponded to the Hofmeister series, which predicts the ability to break the structure of water.

Bleaching Flax Roving With Poly(Acrylic Acid) Magnesium Salt As Oxygen Bleaching Stabilizer For Hydrogen Peroxide

Alkali-oxygen one-bath scouring and bleaching process of the flax roving was studied by using a new type of synthesized non-silicon oxygen bleaching stabilizer Poly(acrylic acid) magnesium instead of sodium silicate. Based on the analysis of the effects of single factors such as sodium hydroxide concentration, hydrogen peroxide concentration, temperature, time and the amount of the synthesized non-silicon oxygen bleaching stabilizer poly(acrylic acid) magnesium salt on the performance of the bleached flax roving, including the whiteness, the breaking tenacity, the capillary effect and the weight loss ratio. The optimal process for the application of the stabilizer was determined by orthogonal test, namely, hydrogen peroxide concentration 8.5 g/L, sodium hydroxide concentration 5 g/L, sodium bisulfite 3 g/L, sodium carbonate 3 g/L, the synthesized non-silicon oxygen bleaching stabilizer poly(acrylic acid) magnesium 5.5 g/L, scoured and bleached at 90 ℃ for 60 min, and the bath ratio was 25:1. Compared with the traditional oxygen bleaching stabilizer sodium silicate, it not only has good ability to inhibit the rapid decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, but also has the advantages of higher whiteness, higher capillary effect, good feel and breaking tenacity, and can effectively solve the "silicon scale" problem and improve the quality of flax products.

Correlations between the Type of Aggregates in the Bulk Phase and the Functionality and Safety of All-Purpose Cleaners

The article shows that the type and concentration of inorganic salt can be translated into the structure of the bulk phase and the performance properties of ecological all-purpose cleaners (APC). A base APC formulation was developed. Thereafter, two types of salt (sodium chloride and magnesium chloride) were added at various concentrations to obtain different structures in the bulk phase. The salt addition resulted in the formation of spherical micelles and—upon addition of more electrolyte—of aggregates having a lamellar structure. The formulations had constant viscosities (ab. 500 mPa·s), comparable to those of commercial products. Essential physical-chemical and performance properties of the four formulations varying in salt types and concentrations were evaluated. It was found that the addition of magnesium salt resulted in more favorable characteristics due to the surface activity of the formulations, which translated into adequately high wettability of the investigated hydrophobic surfaces, and their ability to emulsify fat. A decreasing relationship was observed in foaming properties: higher salt concentrations lead to worse foaming properties and foam stability of the solutions. For the magnesium chloride composition, the effect was significantly more pronounced, as compared to the sodium chloride-based formulations. As far as safety of use is concerned, the formulations in which magnesium salt was used caused a much lesser irritation compared with the other investigated formulations. The zein value was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of the given type of salt in the composition.

Baicalin Magnesium Salt Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting of TLR4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway

Baicalin (BA) magnesium salt (BA-Mg) is a good water-soluble ingredient extracted from Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine. This study is aimed at investigating whether BA-Mg could exert a better protective effect on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice and illuminate the underlying mechanisms in vivo and in vitro. Mice were intraperitoneally administrated with equimolar BA-Mg, BA, and MgSO4 before LPS inducing ALI. Lung tissues and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were collected for lung wet/dry ratio, histological examinations, cell counts, and biochemical analyses at 48 h post-LPS exposure. Meanwhile, the protein expressions of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway and proinflammatory cytokines in lung tissues and lung bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) were detected. The results showed BA-Mg pronouncedly ameliorated LPS-induced inflammatory response and histopathological damages, elevated antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD), and downregulated myeloperoxidase (MPO) and malonaldehyde (MDA) levels through the inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Moreover, the effect of BA-Mg was significantly better than that of BA and MgSO4 in ameliorating symptoms. Overall, BA-Mg can effectively relieve inflammatory response and oxidative stress triggered by LPS, indicating it may be a potential therapeutic candidate for treating ALI.

Synthesizing environmentally friendly non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer for linen yarn using oligomeric acrylic acid

Using potassium peroxodisulfate as an initiator and acrylic acid as a monomer, an acrylic acid oligomer was synthesized and then compounded with magnesium salt to form a non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer. By investigating the effects of reaction temperature, reaction time, initiator concentration, monomer concentration, and magnesium salt dosage on product performance, the effect of stabilizers on linen yarn bleaching was analyzed. The synthetic conditions of oxygen bleaching stabilizer were determined by orthogonal test method, namely, acrylic acid monomer concentration 25%, initiator dosage 5%, oligomeric acrylic acid and magnesium salt compound ratio 5:1, reaction temperature 65 °C, reaction time 4 h. At this time, the chelated iron value of the product was as high as 239.314 mg/g, and the chelated calcium value also reached 145.000 mg/g. The dosage of the synthesized stabilizer were determined to be 4 g/L through indicators such as the decomposition rate of hydrogen peroxide and whiteness. The results showed that the environmentally friendly non-silicone oxygen bleaching stabilizer not only had a good ability to inhibit the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, but also provided bleached linen yarn with a superior degree of whiteness and less metal ion residue, which can effectively solve the “silicon scale” problem and improve the quality of the pre-treatmented products.

ENVIRONMENT OF POTASSIUM-MAGNESIUM SALT FORMATION IN THE UPPERPERMIAN KALININGRAD-GDANSK BLOCK OF THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN HALOGEN BASIN (FROMEXAMINATIONOFINCLUSIONSINMINERALS)

Examination of inclusions in minerals makes the basis for analyzing the peculiarities of salt crystallizationin the Kaliningrad-Gdansk halogen block of the Central- European evaporite basin. Most of the studied sections are composed of fine – medium- grained rock made of halite impregnated with polyhalite, kieserite, carnallite and kainite. Threesystemsofmicro-inclusionsmaybedistinguishedamongthe wide diversity of inclusions: 1) inclusions of mineral-forming mediums; 2) inclusions of surrounding mediums; 3) solid inclusions captured by minerals during their growth from marine solutions. Thedead-endpositionofthestudybasinaccounts for the solutions enrichment in potassium and magnesium arriving from the neighboring German-Polish halogen- bearing areas. Theinflowingbrinewas desalinated by continental waters enriched in calcium and sulfate ions. Thisusedtoresultincreating conditions for polyhalite precipitation. Thepresenceofflatboat-shapedstructuresin halite and in kainite grains is most probably indicative of surficial crystallization of potassium and potassium-magnesium minerals. Carnalliteandbischofiteimpregnationsarerecordedinhalite, whichis indicative of theeutonicstagein the basin development and of manifestations of bottom crystallization of minerals and, accordingly, of the brine probable stratification. Therefore, at the moment of crystallization of potassium and potassium-magnesium minerals, the basin was peculiar foravailabilityoftwo-layeredbrine.