Nano-sized Metal and Metal Oxide Modified Electrodes for Pharmaceuticals Analysis

: Electrochemical analysis offers a number of important advantages such as providing information on pharmaceuticals analysis and their in vivo redox processes, and pharmacological activity. The interest in developing electrochemical sensing devices for use in clinical assays is growing rapidly. Metallic nanoparticles can be synthesized and modified with various chemical functional groups, which allow them to be conjugated with antibodies, ligands, and drugs of interest. In this article, the novel developments to enhance of the performance of sensor modified with metal nanoparticles of pharmaceuticals were reviewed. A discussion of the properties of metal nanostructures and their application in drug analysis is presented. Their application as modifier agent in determining low levels of drugs in pharmaceutical dosage forms and biological samples are discussed. It has been found that the electrocatalytic effect of the electrode, sensitivity and selectivity were increased using various working electrodes modified with nano-sized metal, metal oxide and metal / metal oxide particles.

Synthesis and Characterization of a Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for Diclofenac Sodium Using (2-vinylpyridine and 2-hydroxyethyl metha acrylate) as the Complexing Monomer

Four electrodes were synthesized based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). Two MIPs were prepared by using the diclofenac sodium (DFS) as the template, 2-hydroxy ethyl metha acrylate(2-HEMA) and 2-vinyl pyridine(2-VP) as monomers as well as divinyl benzene and benzoyl peroxide as cross linker and initiator respectively. The same composition used for prepared non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) but without the template (diclofenac sodium). To prepared the membranes electrodes used different plasticizers in PVC matrix such as: tris(2-ethyl hexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri butyl phosphate (TBP), bis(2-ethyl hexyl) adipate (BEHA) and tritolyl phosphate (TTP). The characteristics studied the slop, detection limit, life time and linearity range of DFS–MIPs electrodes. The results were obtained from selectivity measurements on amino acids showed good response as well as pharmaceuticals analysis.

A proposal of reference values for relative uncertainty increase in spectrophotometric analysis of pharmaceutical formulations

The LBOZ criterion is an interesting approach for quantifying selectivity during spectrophotometric analysis by measuring the relative uncertainty increase caused by spectral overlapping. Unfortunately, no reference values for pharmaceuticals analysis in the UV region exist. The current paper presents an estimation of the LBOZ distribution as a random variable for binary and ternary drug mixtures. The estimation was done on a representative group of 170 diverse drug-like compounds. Results of the estimation were fitted to the beta and the Johnson distributions. The obtained parameters can be used to examine the “significance” of the spectral overlap by finding the p-value, interpreted as a chance to obtain higher uncertainty increase among the drugs.

Understanding farm operator opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals and Pharmaceuticals: The role of social class, objective interests, and ideology

This study seeks to identify the social factors related to opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Analysis of data from a 1982 survey of farm operators in New York State shows that, in contrast to much of the literature that represents farmers as being almost universally opposed to regulation, farm operators' orientations toward government regulation of these substances vary considerably. Indicators of the class status or position of farm operators were found to be directly related to opposition to regulation. Willingness to assume risk and the importance placed by farm operators on making profit were also directly related to opposition to regulation, while farm men's off-farm work, cynicism toward agribusiness, non-economic orientation toward agriculture, perceptions of potential side effects of agricultural chemicals and drugs, and liberal political attitudes were inversely related to opposition to regulation. The results of a multivariate analysis suggest that farmer opposition to government regulation of agricultural chemicals is primarily due to farmer ideology and has little relationship with whether farmers actually use these chemicals.