Basics of Calculation and Design of Two-Column Two-Filter Water Intake Wells

The paper provides an overview of the known designs of water wells. A new design of a two-column two-filter water intake well has been also proposed, in which the filters are arranged in two tiers. This will lead to an increase in water intake capacity and will reduce the filtration rate on the approach to the filters. This, in turn, will create conditions for reducing head losses and will make it possible to reduce drawdowns in the well, ensuring a reduction in the cost of produced water. This design combines both working and reserve wells located in one borehole, which increases its reliability, durability and uninterrupted water supply to the consumer. A method for calculating the hydraulic parameters of a two-column two-filter water intake well is presented in the paper. It is based on dependencies for calculating the main geometric dimensions for a given design flow rate and hydrogeological characteristics of an aquifer, as well as formulas for determining a decrease in a well for a given period of operation when one and two pumps operate simultaneously. The basics of designing a well of the proposed design are outlined in the paper. The paper considers an example of calculation for a new well design instead of an existing typical well that has reduced its specific flow rate.

Microplastic concentrations, characteristics, and fluxes in water bodies of the Tollense catchment, Germany, with regard to different sampling systems

The widespread presence of microplastics in multiple environmental compartments has largely been demonstrated. Assessing the ecological risk that microplastics pose is, at the present stage, hindered due to methodical differences. Moreover, different methods hamper meaningful comparisons between studies and data on microplastics <300 μm is scarce. Therefore, we focused on microplastics >20 μm in freshwater and sampling-related aspects in this concern. Sampling was conducted between 2018 and 2020 in the Tollense catchment in northeastern Germany and was carried out by in situ pump filtration. Two different sampling systems (cutoff sizes 20 μm and 63 μm) were applied to filter water volumes of 0.075–1.836 m3. Retained particles were analyzed by a combination of Nile red staining and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Thereby, we found microplastic concentrations between 123 and 1728 particles m−3 using the 63-μm cut-off size and between 1357 and 2146 particles m−3 using the 20-μm cut-off size. Local hydrodynamics (discharge and flow velocity) and land cover are likely influencing the observed microplastic concentrations and fluxes. The variability between both sampling systems cannot fully be explained by the different mesh sizes used. We argue that differentiation between a theoretical cut-off size (finest mesh) and a factual cut-off size (reliable quantification) can help to understand sampling related differences between studies.

Physico-Chemical Studies of Ground Water and Filter Water Samples in Ramanagra Taluk, Ramanagara District, Karnataka, India

The main objective of our study was to convey the importance of water to mankind. We can survive without food for several weeks, because our body will gradually switch to using stored fat and protein to make its energy, but cutoff of water supply leads to death of mankind within few days. Around two third of our body is water. On average we need 2.4 liters of water on each day to keep us healthy that’s the only reason people spend so much of money on water filters that will remove harmful impurities. In the early ages before the existence of filters, tubehole water was one of the sources of drinking water in our taluk. But according to the analysis in the recent years we found that this tubehole water had contamination of fluoride (2). In the later years many research scholars took initiative for the removal of fluoride in the tubehole water. This initiated us to make a comparative study to assess the quality of both filter and tubehole water found in the region of Ramanagara Taluk. Unfortunately through our research we found that some of the water samples were unfit for drinking. Water samples of few areas were selected for qualitative analysis of water. Water samples were analyzed for examination of pH, alkalinity, acidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness, calcium, chlorine, magnesium, nitrate, fluoride and sulphate. It is important to monitor the physical properties of both filter and tubehole water, as it is a early warning signal that something is happening to water.

The effectiveness of soaking duration on blood cockles (Anadara granosa) with activated charcoal towards reducing metals lead (Pb)

Blood cockle (Anadara granosa) is one of the marine biotas that can be used as a bioindicator of the pollution level of sea water. The nature of blood cockle stays in one place because of their slow movement and they are non-selective filter feeders which filter water in order to get food. The use of activated charcoal during soaking is to keep the food safety from blood cockle contaminated with heavy metals. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectivity test of soaking duration on blood cockle (Anadara granosa) and activated charcoal toward reducing metals lead (Pb). This study employed Randomized Complete Design (RCD) using three different soaking periods such as 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes. The samples were analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission (ICPE). The parametric data was analyzed with One Way Anova test. The result of the study showed that the soaking duration among 30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes in activated charcoal showed significantly different (P< 0.05) toward the levels of lead.

Molecular and culture-based assessment of the microbiome in a zebrafish (Danio rerio) housing system during set-up and equilibration

Background Zebrafish used in research settings are often housed in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) which rely on the system microbiome, typically enriched in a biofiltration substrate, to remove the harmful ammonia generated by fish via oxidation. Commercial RAS must be allowed to equilibrate following installation, before fish can be introduced. There is little information available regarding the bacterial community structure in commercial zebrafish housing systems, or the time-point at which the system or biofilter reaches a microbiological equilibrium in RAS in general. Methods A zebrafish housing system was monitored at multiple different system sites including tank water in six different tanks, pre- and post-particulate filter water, the fluidized bed biofilter substrate, post-carbon filter water, and water leaving the ultra-violet (UV) disinfection unit and entering the tanks. All of these samples were collected in quadruplicate, from prior to population of the system with zebrafish through 18 weeks post-population, and analyzed using both 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and culture using multiple agars and annotation of isolates via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. Sequencing data were analyzed using traditional methods, network analyses of longitudinal data, and integration of culture and sequence data. Results The water microbiome, dominated by Cutibacterium and Staphylococcus spp., reached a relatively stable richness and composition by approximately three to four weeks post-population, but continued to evolve in composition throughout the study duration. The microbiomes of the fluidized bed biofilter and water leaving the UV disinfection unit were distinct from water at all other sites. Core taxa detected using molecular methods comprised 36 amplicon sequence variants, 15 of which represented Proteobacteria including multiple members of the families Burkholderiaceae and Sphingomonadaceae. Culture-based screening yielded 36 distinct isolates, and showed moderate agreement with sequencing data. Conclusions The microbiome of commercial RAS used for research zebrafish reaches a relatively stable state by four weeks post-population and would be expected to be suitable for experimental use following that time-point.

Nature-inspired materials: Emerging trends and prospects

The term “nature-inspired” is associated with a sequence of efforts to understand, synthesize and imitate any natural object or phenomenon either in a tangible or intangible form, which allows us to obtain improved insights into nature. Such inspirations can come through materials, processes, or designs that we see around us. Materials, as opposed to processes and designs found in nature, are tangible and can readily be used without engineering efforts. One such example is that of an aquaporin that is used to filter water. The scope of this work in nature-inspired materials is to define, clarify, and consolidate our current understanding by reviewing examples from the laboratory to industrial scale to highlight emerging opportunities. A careful analysis of “nature-inspired materials” shows that they possess specific functionality that relies on our ability to harness particular electrical, mechanical, biological, chemical, sustainable, or combined gains.

Pemanfaatan Energi Listrik Portabel untuk Penerangan dan Aerator Kolam

The potential of Wirokerten Village, Banguntapan District, Bantul Regency, Yogyakarta Special Region is quite a lot. The potentials were tourist villages, herbal medicines, BUMDes (fishing, paving block factory construction, hydroponics, and waste sorting). Currently, Wirokerten village had four hectares of land for fisheries which BUMDes manage. However, some things were a problem for the fish breeder group: the absence of water filters for pools so that the water was free from harmful bacteria, water that lack oxygen in each pool, so it could not be used for fish breeding, and lack of lighting at the location of the pool, because the lighting was taken from residents' homes by pulling long cables while the distance from residential areas was quite far. The solution to these problems requires supporting technology to realize the expectations of fish farmer groups, namely portable aerators and pool lighting and water filters to sterilize waste in pool water reservoirs. The purpose of this community service was to help fish farming groups to be able to do fish breeding and rearing independently with the help of aerators and portable lighting and to be able to filter water in pool water reservoirs before it flows into each pool plot.

Parasitism of Egeria radiata (Lamarck, 1804) in Lower Sanaga delta, Cameroon: Prevalence, Diversity, Intensity and its Impact on This Economic and Nutritional Clam Species

Background: Clams are an important source of economic incomes and animal protein source in Cameroon. In contrast, parasitism is a serious threat to the economy and health risk to Cameroonian populations. The present study aimed at determine diversity and intensity of parasitism along with its impact on E. radiata, a major clam species in the country. Methods: Parasitic screening of freshwater Egeria radiata was carried out December 2017 to July 2018 at lower Sanaga delta in the Littoral region of Cameroon. Bolounga and Maldjedou were local stations of sampling, where clams were collected and in situ measurements of weight, length and width and were transported to the laboratory for parasites survey. Parasites were examined and attempt was made on the identification using appropriate keys. Results: Statistical analysis of results showed that the parasitic prevalence was 74.5% overall and was 56% and 90% at Bolounga and Maldjedou respectively. The prevalence of parasites habour found were Protozoans (10% vs 0%; p=0.01), Trematodes (4% vs 16.7%; p=0.04), Cestodes (6% vs 23%; p=0.01) and Nematodes (12% vs 31.7%; p=0.01) at respectively Bolounga and Maldjedou stations. Parasites diversity of Egeria radiata show Intensity index at Bolounga and Maldjedou was respectively 1.35 and 1.31 with 1.32 overall. Abundance rate was 0.99 overall and was 0.76 and 1.18 at Bolounga and Maldjedou respectively. Significative correlation can be observed with Burrow and parasitic index ; The size of clams in two stations show lengths (5.2mm vs 4.5mm), height (4.1cm vs 3.5cm), total shell weight (38.9g vs 30.0g) and left shell weight (19.6g vs 15.2g). higher values were encountered in Maldjedou with significant differences that were observed.Conclusion: Velocity of parasites inside bivalve species to burrow and filter water expose it to infection with these above mentioned groups of parasites that cause a mass mortality and significant economic losses and public health.

Two-column two-filter water intake well and the method of its calculation

Boreholes are the most versatile and technically advanced structural type of water intake structures. In this article, the authors propose the design of a water intake well with filters located at two levels, capable of simultaneously performing the functions of a working and reserve wells, the use of which will reduce energy consumption for lifting water, reduce capital investments for construction and ensure uninterrupted water supply. The methodology for calculating the inflow of water, constructing hydrodynamic grids, determining the function of lowering the pressure and filtering features during the operation of a two-level well in a confined aquifer is also presented.