The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels

The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels. The properties of sandwich panels made of standard wood-based panels were examined. Particleboards, MDF and OSB panels as well as plywood were used as internal and external layers of panels. Two types of adhesives: PUR and PVA were used to bind the layers. The physical and mechanical properties of glued sandwich panels were investigated. It was found out that OSB panels covered with plywood have the highest MOE and MOR values, and the panels with an internal layer composed of MDF have the lowest of WA and TS. It has been shown that regardless of the materials used, a panel glued with PUR achieves higher mechanical properties and the lowest WA and TS values.

A conserved machinery underlies the synthesis of a chitosan layer in the Candida chlamydospore cell wall

The polysaccharide chitosan is found in the cell wall of specific cell types in a variety of fungal species where it contributes to stress resistance, or in pathogenic fungi, virulence. Under certain growth conditions, the pathogenic yeast Candida dubliniensis forms a cell type termed a chlamydosospore, which has an additional internal layer in its cell wall as compared to hyphal or yeast cell types. We report that this internal layer of the chlamydospore wall is rich in chitosan. The ascospore wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae also has a distinct chitosan layer. As in S. cerevisiae, formation of the chitosan layer in the C. dubliniensis wall requires the chitin synthase CHS3 and the chitin deacetylase CDA2. In addition, three lipid droplet-localized proteins Rrt8, Srt1, and Mum3, identified in S. cerevisiae as important for chitosan layer assembly in the ascospore wall, are required for the formation of the chitosan layer of the chlamydospore wall in C. dubliniensis. These results reveal that a conserved machinery is required for the synthesis of a distinct chitosan layer in the walls of these two yeasts and may be generally important for incorporation of chitosan into fungal walls.ImportanceThe cell wall is the interface between the fungal cell and its environment and disruption of cell wall assembly is an effective strategy for antifungal therapies. Therefore, a detailed understanding of how cell walls form is critical to identify potential drug targets and develop therapeutic strategies. This work shows that a set of genes required for assembly of a chitosan layer in the cell wall of S. cerevisiae is also necessary for chitosan formation in a different cell type in a different yeast, C. dubliniensis. Because chitosan incorporation into the cell wall can be important for virulence, the conservation of this pathway suggests possible new targets for antifungals aimed at disrupting cell wall function.

Enabling Cell Aware Diagnosis in a Foundry for Accurate and Efficient Failure Analysis of Cell Internal Defects

Cell aware diagnosis identifies defects within the standard cell as opposed to traditional layout aware diagnosis that identifies the failing standard cell or the area between two standard cells. In a mature technology dominated by random defects, cell aware results pinpoint the cell internal layer drastically reducing the turnaround time for failure analysis. This paper describes a method to enable cell aware diagnosis in a foundry environment, perform a volume diagnosis analysis with RCAD (fail mode pareto) and drive failure analysis with a quick turnaround time for a 14nm customer chip.

Mitigation of vibrations in sandwich-type structures by a controllable constrained layer

This study presents and tests a method for semi-active control of vibrations in sandwich-type beam structures. This method adapts a strategy called prestress accumulation release. The prestress accumulation release strategy is based on structural reconfiguration: it uses short time, impulsive and localised changes of actuator properties (such as stiffness or damping), which are applied to a part of the system in the moments, when its strain energy attains a local maximum. The method has been earlier applied as a global control scheme to mitigate the fundamental vibration mode of a cantilever beam (by stiffness control) and in the task of mitigating the first four modes of a frame structure (by damping control). This study proposes a prestress accumulation release strategy and tests its effectiveness for the case of a three-layered sandwich structure, with the internal layer fabricated from a material with dissipative characteristic locally controllable through the material damping coefficient. In contrast to the earlier research, the control is applied thus at the level of material characteristics instead of a discrete set of dedicated actuators. Based on the finite element method, a numerical experiment involving a passively damped, as well as prestress accumulation release-controlled, three-layered cantilever beam excited by initial displacements was performed. The effectiveness of the approach was studied for a broad range of internal layer damping parameters. The presented results revealed a high potential of the prestress accumulation release strategy in semi-active damping of vibrations of sandwich-type structures.