ENGLISH: Islamic View on Right to Equal Opportunity to Work for Female Ex-Offenders and Pakistan's International Obligation for Provision of Equal Opportunities for Work

Women in Muslim society faces obstacles to get employment since it is generally assumed that Islam does not allow women to work as their responsibility is to be shouldered by men. This misapprehension leads to issue of gender discrimination in employment and situation get further worse when women hold criminal record. Therefore this paper sheds lights on Islamic view of gender equality while taking into consideration the natural difference exist between man and woman. Then the study aims to discuss that Shariah recognizes human rights of women in Islam and allows women to work as there is no explicit Quranic verse or tradition which ban jobs of women. The article further elaborates that women with previous criminal record are abandoned by the society and their families which further substantiate their right of to get employment in order to meet their ends. The article further encompasses discussion of conflicting interest of ex-offender women and society and how the same can be settled with harmony while applying principles of Islamic jurisprudence. The article has referred verses of the Qur’an, Sunnah of the Prophet (S.A.W.) practices of caliphs⁎ and opinion of Muslim jurists to enrich the legal analysis. The articles also encompasses Pakistan’s international obligation for provision of equal opportunities to work for all without discrimination to give an insight about basis to claim right to work for female offenders.

Women Walk in High Heels: Lumbar Curvature, Dynamic Motion Stimuli and Attractiveness

Previous studies have demonstrated that the angle of women’s lumbar curvature affects men’s attractiveness judgments of them. The theoretically optimal angle of lumbar curvature provides better resistance against both hyperlordosis and hypolordosis as biomechanical costs of a bipedal fetal load that could impair a woman’s fertility. Since men find this attribute attractive, women aim to emphasize it by wearing high-heeled shoes. The primary objective of the present study was to test this evolutionary hypothesis using short videos presenting women walking by the camera. In line with previous findings based on static stimuli (photographs), dynamic stimuli (videos) presenting women walking in high-heeled shoes were expected to elicit increased attractiveness ratings as compared to women wearing flat shoes, which would be associated with the angle of lumbar curvature. Videos were taken of 52 female models walking in two conditions (i.e., wearing either high-heeled or flat shoes). A total of 108 participants (61 males, 47 females) rated the walking models’ physical attractiveness in an online setting. Each model’s lumbar curvature was measured both in high heels and in flat shoes using photographs taken of them prior to each video recording. The results showed that wearing high heels consistently increased the models’ attractiveness, regardless of whether or not it decreased their natural difference from the theoretically optimal angle of lumbar curvature. Both male and female observers showed this positive effect. Furthermore, a negative correlation was found between the models’ body mass index (BMI) and their perceived attractiveness scores in both conditions.

Differential Changed Excitability of Spinal Motor Neurons Innervating Tibialis Anterior and Peroneus Muscles Cause Foot Inversion After Stroke

Objective: To study differential post-stroke changes of excitability of spinal motor neurons innervating a group of antagonist muscles of ankle and their effects on foot inversion.Methods: F waves in tibialis anterior (TA) and peroneus muscles (PN) were recorded. The condition of spasticity and foot inversion in stroke patients were also evaluated. The differences of F wave parameters between patients and healthy controls (HC), as well as TA and PN, were investigated.Results: There were natural differences in the persistence of the F waves (Fp) and F/M amplitude ratio (F/M) between TA and PN in HC. Stroke patients showed significantly higher F/M in TA and PN, while there was no difference in Fp comparing to HC. The natural differences in F wave parameters between TA and PN were differentially retained after stroke. The natural difference of the two muscles in Fp remained unchanged and the F/M difference disappeared in those without spasticity or foot inversion, while the Fp difference disappeared and the F/M difference remained in those with spasticity or foot inversion.Conclusion: Based on the natural difference of the number and size of spinal motor neurons innervating TA and PN, their excitability may change differently according to the severity of the stroke, which may be the reason of foot inversion.

SISTEM SOSIAL PATRIARKI SEBAGAI AKAR DARI KEKERASAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP PEREMPUAN PATRIARCHAL SOCIAL SYSTEM AS THE ROOT OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN

ABSTRAKJenis kelamin merupakan suatu perbedaan yang fitrah dan dapat dilihat secara biologis. Melalui proses yang panjang, masyarakat melakukan pembedaan antara peran laki-laki dan peran perempuan. Konstruksi sosial yang diciptakan oleh masyarakat bernama patriarki, sistem sosial yang melihat bahwa garis keturunan ayah memiliki posisi yang lebih superior dibandingkan perempuan. Ketidaksetaraan gender yang ditimbulkan mengakibatkan adanya diskriminasi dan tekanan terhadap perempuan dalam kehidupannya. Pembatasan ruang yang dilakukan oleh laki-laki atau bahkan masyarakat membuat perempuan tidak mendapat aksesibilitas dan hak-hak yang seharusnya mereka diterima. Buruknya, salah satu perlakuan tidak menyenangkan yang didapat perempuan adalah kekerasan seksual. Patriarki membuat posisi perempuan lumrah untuk dijadikan objek seksual oleh laki-laki. Hal ini berarti patriarki juga menjadi salah satu faktor yang menyumbang akan langgengnya kekerasan seksual yang menimpa perempuan. ABSTRACTGender is a natural difference and can be seen biologically. Through a long process, the community differentiates between men's roles and women's roles. The social construction created by society is called patriarchy, a social system that sees that the father's lineage has a position that is superior to women. Gender inequality caused by resulting in discrimination and pressure on women in their lives. Spatial restrictions imposed by men or even society prevent women from getting the accessibility and rights they ought to received. One of the unpleasant treatments women received is sexual violence. Patriarchy system allow the women to become sexual objects by men. This means that patriarchy is also one of the factors contributing to the continuous sexual violence experienced by women.

Changes in population structure of crucian carp Carassius gibelio from the freshwater lake on Bolshoy Pelis Island (Peter the Great Bay, Japan/East Sea)

Population structure of crucian carp in a small freshwater lake on Bolshoy Pelis Island is studied on the data of trap catches conducted in 1985, 1995 and 2015. Mature part of the population consisted of fish with length 110–280 mm TL and age from 2 to 8–9 years that are usual parameters for this species. Age was estimated using annuli on fish scale. The largest caught fish was the 14-years female with length 470 mm TL and weight 1650 g. All fish reached sexual maturity at age of 2 years. In the age of 5 years and more, the number of females in the population exceeded the number of males (2♀ : 1♂ in 1985). Length-weight relationship was calculated as W = a . TLb. Growth rate was calculated on length-at-age data. Rate of linear and weight growth of females was higher than males in 1985 and 2015 that is considered as a natural difference. After partial elimination of the population in 1995 under natural reasons (hypoxia and toxic microalgae bloom), growth rate of males and females became equal and number of males increased quickly, they were twice more numerous than females. However, the females prevailed again in the sex ratio in 2015. Rate of linear and weight growth was the lowest in 2015, probably because of high density of the fish population.

A New Kind of Parallel Natural Difference Method for Multi-Term Time Fractional Diffusion Model

Multi-term time fractional diffusion model is not only an important physical subject, but also a practical problem commonly involved in engineering. In this paper, we apply the alternating segment technique to combine the classical explicit and implicit schemes, and propose a parallel nature difference method alternating segment pure explicit–implicit (PASE-I) and alternating segment pure implicit–explicit (PASI-E) difference schemes for multi-term time fractional order diffusion equations. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions are proved, and stability and convergence analysis of the two schemes are also given. Theoretical analyses and numerical experiments show that the PASE-I and PASI-E schemes are unconditionally stable and satisfy second-order accuracy in spatial precision and 2 − α order in time precision. When the computational accuracy is equivalent, the CPU time of the two schemes are reduced by up to 2 / 3 compared with the classical implicit difference method. It indicates that the PASE-I and PASI-E parallel difference methods are efficient and feasible for solving multi-term time fractional diffusion equations.

Our Spirit Is Not Narrow Bigotry

This chapter studies how arguments about bigotry, conscience, and legislating morality featured in legislative debate over the Civil Rights Act of 1964, particularly the public accommodations provision (Title II). President Lyndon B. Johnson urged clergy to support the act and help the United States overcome bigotry. Religious leaders testified for and against the law. Lawmakers and witnesses supporting the law insisted that the nation’s conscience demanded that Congress pass a law to end bigotry and racial discrimination. Opponents referred to bigotry in multiple ways: they argued that segregation reflected natural difference and God’s plan, not bigotry; that people had a right to be bigoted; and that the act’s supporters were the real bigots. The chapter concludes with two Supreme Court cases upholding Title II relevant to later constitutional challenges to civil rights laws protecting LGBTQ persons: Heart of Atlanta v. United States and Newman v. Piggie Park Enterprises.

Rapid and coarse face detection: With a lack of evidence for a nasal-temporal asymmetry

Humans have structures dedicated to the processing of faces, which include cortical components (e.g., areas in occipital and temporal lobes) and subcortical components (e.g., superior colliculus and amygdala). Although faces are processed more quickly than stimuli from other categories, there is a lack of consensus regarding whether subcortical structures are responsible for rapid face processing. In order to probe this, we exploited the asymmetry in the strength of projections to subcortical structures between the nasal and temporal hemiretina. Participants detected faces from unrecognizable control stimuli and performed the same task for houses. In Experiments 1 and 3, at the fastest reaction times, participants detected faces more accurately than houses. However, there was no benefit of presenting to the subcortical pathway. In Experiment 2, we probed the coarseness of the rapid pathway, making the foil stimuli more similar to faces and houses. This eliminated the rapid detection advantage, suggesting that rapid face processing is limited to coarse representations. In Experiment 4, we sought to determine whether the natural difference between spatial frequencies of faces and houses were driving the effects seen in Experiments 1 and 3. We spatially filtered the faces and houses so that they were matched. Better rapid detection was again found for faces relative to houses, but we found no benefit of preferentially presenting to the subcortical pathway. Taken together, the results of our experiments suggest a coarse rapid detection mechanism, which was not dependent on spatial frequency, with no advantage for presenting preferentially to subcortical structures.

Existence of Meromorphic Solutions of First-Order Difference Equations

It is shown that if $$\begin{aligned} f(z+1)^n=R(z,f), \end{aligned}$$f(z+1)n=R(z,f),where R(z, f) is rational in f with meromorphic coefficients and $$\deg _f(R(z,f))=n$$degf(R(z,f))=n, has an admissible meromorphic solution, then either f satisfies a difference linear or Riccati equation with meromorphic coefficients, or the equation above can be transformed into one in a list of ten equations with certain meromorphic or algebroid coefficients. In particular, if $$f(z+1)^n=R(z,f)$$f(z+1)n=R(z,f), where the assumption $$\deg _f(R(z,f))=n$$degf(R(z,f))=n has been discarded, has rational coefficients and a transcendental meromorphic solution f of hyper-order $$<1$$<1, then either f satisfies a difference linear or Riccati equation with rational coefficients, or the equation above can be transformed into one in a list of five equations which consists of four difference Fermat equations and one equation which is a special case of the symmetric QRT map. Solutions to all of these equations are presented in terms of Weierstrass or Jacobi elliptic functions, or in terms of meromorphic functions that are solutions to a difference Riccati equation. This provides a natural difference analogue of Steinmetz’ generalization of Malmquist’s theorem.

Rapid and Coarse Face Detection in Cortex

Humans have structures dedicated to the processing of faces, which include cortical components (e.g. areas in occipital and temporal lobes) and subcortical components (e.g. superior colliculus and amygdala). Although faces are processed more quickly than stimuli from other categories, there is a lack of consensus regarding whether cortical or subcortical structures are responsible for rapid face processing. In order to probe this, we exploited the asymmetry in the strength of projections to subcortical structures between the nasal and temporal hemiretina. Participants detected faces from unrecognizable control stimuli and performed the same task for houses. In Experiments 1 and 3, at the fastest reaction times, participants detected faces more accurately than houses. However, there was no benefit of presenting to the subcortical pathway. In Experiment 2, we probed the coarseness of the rapid pathway, making the foil stimuli more similar to faces and houses. This eliminated the rapid detection advantage, suggesting that rapid face processing is limited to coarse representations. In Experiment 4, we sought to determine whether the natural difference between spatial frequencies of faces and houses were driving the effects seen in Experiments 1 and 3. We spatially filtered the faces and houses so that they were matched. Better rapid detection was again found for faces relative to houses, but we found no benefit of preferentially presenting to the subcortical pathway. Taken together, the results of our experiments suggest a cortical, coarse rapid detection mechanism, which was not dependent on spatial frequency.