Majalah Ahkam Johor: Sumbangannya dalam Perkembangan Islam di Johor pada Akhir Abad ke 19

The Majallah al-Aḥkām al-‘Adliyyah belongs to the Ottoman Empire has been introduced in Johor, Malaysia during the reign of Sultan Abdul Hamid II (1876-1908). The book was brought to the Johor Government in 1893 during the reign of Johor’s Sultan Abu Bakar (1862-1895) in its Arabic language and it was translated later into Malay language and Jawi script during the reign of Sultan Ibrahim (1895-1959) in 1913. The translation was done by the Mufti of Johor and it is known as the Majalah Ahkam Johor. The book is a legal reference comprises the civil matters of muamalat, for example sale and purchase, rent and hibah, besides of containing court proceedings too. There are previous studies which affirmed that the Majalah Ahkam Johor was rarely used as a reference in court due to the expansion of colonial British in Malaya. The objective of this paper is to discuss and analyse the challenges of the use of the book in Johor and the obstacles in it’s implementation. The methodology of this study is based on qualitative design with historical research approach and document analysis from primary and contemporary data. The findings of this study shows that the use of the Majalah Ahkam Johor at the court level faced obstacles due to the British administration policy of interfering with the state legal and judicial system. Furthermore, the introduction of British law led to the abandonment of the use of Majalah Ahkam Johor as a reference on Islamic matters in Johor.

Justifications for the Spanish Invasion of North Africa (16th Century)

The process called Reconquista (Reconquest) in history of Spain succeeded with the occupation of Granada (1492). In order to prevent its lands from becoming “Andalusia” again, the Spanish government established the country’s lines of defense outside the country in North Africa. Considering religious, commercial, political and military reasons a limited occupation policy was implemented in North Africa. Places on strategic North African coasts such as Ceuta, Melilla, Oran and Merselkebir were occupied, and military garrisons (Presedios/Plazas) were established here. With the help of these garrisons, the Spain’s Mediterranean and Atlantic trade has been secured for decades.

Idea Pembentukan Pemerintahan Ibn Khaldun dan Asas Pembinaan Kesultanan Melaka dari Kurun Ke-15 hingga 16

This study focuses on the idea of Ibn Khaldun’s governance by focusing on the Sultanate of Melaka in the 16th century. The primary goal of this research is to demonstrate the development of the Melaka Sultanate through the lens of cycle theory, the spirit of asabiyyah, and the concept of ‘umran as defined by Ibn Khaldun. The timeline discusses the early establishment of the Sultanate of Melaka until its fall at the start of Portuguese colonisation in 1511. The study used Muqaddimah and Sulalat us-Salatin (Sejarah Melayu) as the main source for discussion of various ideas to explain Ibn Khaldun's ideas about the reign of the Melaka sultanate from the 15th century to 16 AD. The qualitative method-guided analysis concluded that the Melaka Sultanate was built in accordance with Ibn Khaldun's theory of one-time rule. Thus, the intertextual differences employed are expected to yield an authoritative and informative argument on the relationship between Ibn Khaldun's ideas and the construction of the Melaka sultanate in the 15th to 16th centuries AD.

Peranan Harem dalam Institusi Sosial dan Politik Uthmaniyyah

The history of harem institution has been a subject of interest among researchers on the Ottoman era for the reason of extraordinary involvement of women in administrative affairs of Ottoman politics, military and international relations. The emergence of some prominent Ottoman female figures such as Hurrem Sultan, Kosem Sultan and Turhan Sultan proved that the harem institution is very significant and dynamic.Therefore, the purpose of this article is to study the history of the Ottoman harem institution in general, besides analysing related issues on its role in the social and political aspects. This research uses a qualitative approach through the methods of historical study and content analysis, in gathering and analysing information from relevant materials and academic sources. From the results of the study, this research argues that the main role of the harem institution in the social aspect is the segregation of women to assigned spaces. In the political aspect, the harem has a significant effect on Ottoman administrative affairs, particularly in the 16th and 17th centuries. The harem institution was responsible for the continuity of administration, by giving birth to heirs for the throne and shaping a new dimension for the Ottoman’s international relations or external affairs through the role of diplomatic agents.

Historical Narratives on Reconstruction of al-Aqsa Mosque in Early Islam

The aim of this paper is to examine historical accounts related the first demarcating re-construction of al-Aqsa mosque in Jerusalem after Islam. It focusing on the differences between the early and later sources by examining the early and later Islamic narratives and sources and the available non-Islamic sources. This research attempts to find some explanation behind the differences between the early and later sources. Through the analysis of the early sources, the author also discusses and analyses the views of some modern researchers who have dealt with some of these issues.

Nurturing Islamic and Socio-political Thoughts in Riau and Beyond: Exploring Raja Ali Haji’s Works

Raja Ali Haji is best-known as the author of the famous poem "Gurindam Dua Belas", even though he authored some other important poetries and proses that are often overlooked. In fact, he wrote a vast number of subjects in a variety of literary genres ranging from culture, history, politics, and jurisprudence to language. While other researchers such as Junus, Putten, Andaya, and Syam, have been concerned mainly with his works on culture, history, language, and jurisprudence, this study explores his works on Islamic and socio-political thoughts. Employing content analysis of relevant manuscripts and books, this study finds that Raja Ali Haji played various roles including as a religious scholar and a political thinker who synthesized culture and politics with Islam and whose thoughts have been extensively influential, mainly in Riau and beyond. This finding weakens the earlier assumption that Al-Mawardi political thoughts were more influential in the Malay world.

Women and Community Services in Islamic History

The concept of women rights, freedoms, and their role in public sphere are few important areas which have been in news in the past few decades. There is no doubt that women were deprived of their rights such as right to vote, freedom to mobility etc. in Muslim communities in the past few centuries. However, not much later, the fight for women rights and freedoms are being observed among the various Muslim communities. Another aspect among the Islamic communities is related to social service. The foundation of Islam religion was based on the principles of social justice, equality and service to mankind. However, both these concepts including women role and social services in Islam have been influenced by various factors since the founding of Islam religion. Therefore, it would be an interesting area of research to investigate evolution and changes relates to these two areas through the Islamic ages in order to analyse if factors of influence and whether or not these changes are relevant in the current times. Accordingly, the purpose of this paper is to review the role of women and community services through Islamic ages, and analyse its implications in the current scenario. A narrative review approach is adopted in this study in order to reflect the developments from the history. Findings from the review indicated that the women in Islamic ages enjoyed equal rights and status in society in contrast to the women in the modern world. However, social services continued to be a part of the Islamic principles since its emergence in the 6th century. It can be concluded that there is a need to create awareness among the Muslim elites (who base discrimination in the context of religion, culture, and traditions) regarding the equality rights for women and their increased participation in social, economic, and cultural fields in the society.

واقع الحرية في الحضارات القديمة ومنطلقات ممارستها في المجتمعات الإسلامية المعاصرة (The Reality of Freedom in Past Civilizations and Its Practices in Contemporary Islamic Societies)

Historical reading of the actual picture of freedom in ancient civilizations and today’s realities indicates that the values of freedom and human rights have been violated. It also indicates that people have been subjugated by authoritarian regimes. The purpose of this research is to reflect on the actual reality of freedom in contemporary Islamic societies. To this effect, the study adopted a descriptive and historical approach using a survey to review the opinions of academics about freedom in contemporary Islamic societies. The study suggests that freedom is not granted easily but is rather obtained by force. It also indicates that freedom is inherent in human nature and it is often enhanced by persistence, enriched by satisfaction, and prescribed by good legislations. The opinions obtained by the survey also suggest that there exists an utterly insignificant and limited space of freedom in Islamic societies. To yield fruitful results in our contemporary life, freedom must be originated from the servitude to the Almighty Allah by adhering to the Islamic constants in the Quran and Prophetic traditions and referring to Islamic legislation in which all rights are protected without favor nor exception.

Tsangaya System of Education and its Positive Effects on Almajiri and Society in Potiskum, Yobe State Nigeria

Tsangaya System of Education, generally called Makarantan Allo or traditional Qur’anic school has been in existence for decades, its history can be traced back to the early days of the coming of Islam to Nigeria. It has been a source of moral and scholastic training of the Muslim dominated societies in the northern part of Nigeria. The system which provides essentially, basic Qur’anic education to the Almajiri (students) has contributed tremendously in promoting Qur’anic education, inculcating self-discipline, spiritual growth of Muslim individuals and the communities. Therefore, this article examines the positive effects of Tsangaya System of Education on the Almajiri in Potiskum Yobe State, Nigeria. The study employed a qualitative approach that entails the techniques of documentation and interviews in collecting data while thematic analysis was utilized for data analysis. The findings revealed that Tsangaya System of Education in Potiskum area of Yobe State has positive effects on the Almajiri in the area such as mastering the recitation, memorization and writing of the glorious Qur’an as well as inculcating good behavioural modes.

Islamophobia in Spain: Inheritance of Reconquista and Hate Political Rhetoric

The article discusses the development of Islamophobia in Spain and the connection with the ruling of Islam in Andalus, including the impact of Reconquista (re-conquest) that was followed by inquisition; and the connection between Islamophobia and the changing orientalist tradition which impact social and political constellation in Andalus and the West in general up to Post 9/11. Employing a qualitative approach, this study shows that the rise of Islamophobia in Spain in the modern-contemporary era is enabled through the rise of populist politics in Europe in general. Populist rhetoric revives the memories of Islamic domination in Andalus and Reconquista to win votes. Islamophobia is also worsened by Islamophilia— uncritical admiration of the values of Islam, generally associated with an admiration of Islamic civilization and Maurophilia – the explicit romanticization of the Moors in Spanish literature and the complex, often silent presence of Moorish forms in Spanish material culture. This study also demonstrates that hate rhetoric towards Islam in contemporary era is highly influenced by the development of American Orientalism model motivated by war or revenge against terrorism.