Glucosinolates with their Hydrolysis Products from Two Cruciferous Plants with Study of Antidiabetic Activity Based on Molecular Docking

Glucosinolates (Gls) are natural bioactive compounds that form metabolites called isothiocyanates (ITC) which have various therapeutic effects. This study aimed to isolate the glucosinolates of Carrichtera annua L.(DC) (CA) and Farsetia aegyptia Turra (FA) belonging to the Crucifereae family. Total Gls were isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of the plants and further purified using an acidic aluminum oxide column. Some of the obtained Gls were identified via spectroscopic methods (UV, NMR, and MS) and the rest were hydrolyzed by myrosinase to the corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC) for identification by GC/MS. Only one Gls was identified in CA as 4-methylthio-3-butenyl Gls (MTBG) in addition to 6-methyl sulfonylhexyl isothiocyanates (ITC), while 6-methyl sulfonyl-6-hydroxy hexyl ITC, 4-pentenyl ITC, 3-methylthio propyl ITC, 5-hydroxy pentyl ITC and 4-methylsulphinyl butyl ITC were identified in FA. The Gls demonstrated high binding activity to α-glucosidase and amylase, good pharmacokinetic characteristics, and exerted no carcinogenetic effects.

Glucosinolates With Their Hydrolysis Products from Two Cruciferous Plants with Study of Antidiabetic Activity Based on Molecular Docking

The glucosinolates (Gls.) are natural bioactive compounds which lead to the formation of different metabolites called isothiocyanates(ITC) having various therapeutic effects. So, this study aim to isolate the glucosinolates of both Carrichtera annua L.(DC) (CA) and Farsetia aegyptia Turra (FA) belonging to Crucifereae family. The total Gls. were isolated from the aqueous methanolic extract of both plants and further purified on acidic aluminum oxide column. Some of the obtained Gls. was identified as it is using different spectroscopic measurements (UV, NMR and MS) and the rest were hydrolyzed using myrosinase enzyme to the corresponding isothiocyanates (ITC) which were identified by GC/MS. only one glucosinolate was identified in CA as: 4-methylthio-3-butenyl Gls ( MTBG). through chromatographic and spectroscopic measurements in addition to 6-methyl sulfonylhexyl isothiocyanates(ITC), while 6-methyl sulfonyl-6-hydroxy hexyl ITC, 4-pentenyl ITC, 3-Methylthio propyl ITC, 5-hydroxy pentyl ITC and 4-methylsulphinyl butyl ITC from FA. The docking study targeted a α-glucosidase and amylase, to examine a mode of action of the 4-methylthio-3-butenylglucosinolate. Molecular docking was performed to identify potency of Gls. against hyperglycemia. The data obtained revealed that the Gls. has high binding activity Via α-glucosidase and amylase. Furthermore, further Drug studies as likeness and ADME/T were performed, which proposed that their ligands may be have a good pharmacokinetic character, with no carcinogenesis effect.

Gas-Liquid Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography of Ethylenethiourea in Fresh Vegetable Crops, Fruits, Milk, and Cooked Foods

The Onley-Yip procedure for determining ethylenethiourea (ETU) in milk and crops was modified to reduce interferences by the ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs). A 20 g cropmethanol extract is cleaned up by adsorbing the sample onto Gas-Chrom S, desorbing ETU, and eluting ETU from aluminum oxide with chloroform containing ethanol. ETU is converted to the S-butyl derivative for gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) and flame photometric detection (sulfur mode). For liquid chromatography (LC), ETU is cleaned up on another aluminum oxide column and injected directly. LC and GLC results are confirmed by thin layer chromatography. A cooking procedure based on conversion of EBDCs to ETU is included for surveying crops for possible EBDC content. Recoveries from 8 crops and milk fortified at 0.05 ppm ETU ranged from 73 to 100%.

Concentration and Estimation of 14 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Low Levels in High-Protein Foods, Oils, and Fats

Fourteen polycyclic hydrocarbons in (I) meat, poultry, fish, and yeast, and (II) fats and oils have been isolated and determined. To separate group I homogeneously, 2N methanolic KOH is used. In the first step of concentration (methanol-water-cyclohexane partition (4 + 1 + 5)), a 200 g sample is reduced to 0.2 g of polycyclic fraction without any emulsions. The same effective concentration is found for group II without a saponification step by partition in N,N-dimethylformamide-water-cyelohexane (9 + 1 + 10). Further very effective concentration (100:1) of polycyclics results from filtration on Sephadex LH 20 (solvent:sopropanol). After further cleanup by filtration on silica gel (Woelm, 15% water), phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, fluoranthene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo-(e)pyrene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, perylene, anthanthrene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene, dibenz(a,h)-anthracene, and coronene are separated on an aluminum oxide column (Woelm, 5.4% water) or equivalent. Recoveries ranged from 75 to 92% for all polycyclics down to the 2 ppb level.

Separation of Three Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins from Some Polychlorinated Biphenyls by Chromatography on an Aluminum Oxide Column

The separation of 2,3-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, 2,3,7-trichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and 2,3,7,8-telrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin from polychlorinated biphenyls by column chromatography on aluminum oxide is described. Polychlorinated biphenyls were eluted first with 1% methylene chloride-hexane and chlorodioxins were then eluted with 20% methylene chloride-hexane. Recoveries of both polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorodioxins approximated 100%.

Determination of Ethylene Thiourea Residues in Foods, Using Thin Layer and Gas Chromatography

Thin layer and gas chromatographic methods have been developed for the determination of ethylene thiourea in fruits, vegetables, and milk. The food sample is extracted with an ethanol-chloroform mixture and partially cleaned up on a cellulose column. For TLC determination, an aliquot (5–25 g) is further cleaned up on an aluminum oxide column. The remainder of the sample is treated with a methanolic solution of 1-bromobutane and the resultant derivative is isolated and measured by GLC, using a thermionic detector. Recoveries at fortification levels of 0.02 to 10 ppm exceeded 80%.

Mineral Oil in Foods

A collaborative study was conducted of the method for mineral oil in foods published in This Journal, 45, 241 (1962). Suggestions and recommendations by the collaborators were evaluated, and necessary reagent and procedural changes were incorporated into the method prior to the current collaborative study. The method now includes the preparation of sample, extraction of the total oils from the dried bakery product, separation of the mineral-type oil from the total by an alkaline aluminum oxide column using petroleum ether, and identification of the dried, weighed, mineraltype oil by infrared and refractive index. The method is considered suitable for detecting small amounts of mineral-type oil in bakery products and is recommended for adoption as official, first action.

Determination of Chlorbenside Residues Including Its Sulfoxide and Sulfone Oxidation Products

A method is presented for determining residues of chlorbenside including its sulfoxide and sulfone oxidation products. The method employs the Mills-Onley-Gaither extraction procedure. Chlorbenside and chlorbenside sulfoxide are converted to chlorbenside sulfone by a short oxidation with chromic-acetic acid solution. Chlorbenside sulfone is isolated from interfering pesticides and most oxidation products on an aluminum oxide column and determined by electron capture gas chromatography. Recoveries for mixtures of the three components added to apple samples at 0.3–5 ppm (calculated as chlorbenside) were between 92 and 110%.