INTERSTITIAL RENAL NECROSIS SYNDROM OF CALVES

Interstitial renal necrosis syndrom (IRNS) was diagnosed in calves sloughtered in Mosul sloughter house. Gross and microscopical picture of 33 affected animals were described. The lesions were identified according topathomorpholgy of tissue reaction. Two patterns of tissue rections were observed. The lesions of the first pattern showed grossly an oval, greyish white translucent nodules on the surface of kidney. Microscopically, cells like lymphocytes and few plasma cells were aggregated in the interstitial tissue. The lesions of the second pattern comprised grossly a milliary yellowish-white nodules on the surface of the kidney and on cut sectionforming extention in the depth of the renal cortex. Microscopically, the infiltrated cells were mainly neutrophils, macrophages and few lymphocytes, the possible causes of this syndrom was discussed.

oxicological effects of artemether-nevirapine coadministration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats

This study investigated toxicological effects of 5 and/or 10 mg/kg artemether (ART5 or ART10) and nevirapine (NVP) co-administration on serum biochemistry and some organs of Wistar rats. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally to 6 groups (n=6) for 21 days. On day 22, rats were sacrificed, sera obtained to determine electrolyte and antioxidant levels. Liver, kidney, lung and spleen were harvested and weighed for histological studies. Data analysed using oneway ANOVA, Dunnett’s post-hoc test and were considered significant at p≤0.05. There was no difference in superoxide, catalase, Na+ , K+ , Ca2+ and HCO3- levels in the treated groups. Cl- decreased (p≤0.05) in NVP + T80 and NVP + ART10 administered groups. MDA increased (p≤0.05) in NVP + ART10 group while GPx decreased. No pathological changes were observed in the liver of all treated groups but relative weight increased (p≤0.05) in NVPART10 treated group. The kidney of NVP-ART5 and NVP-ART10 treated groups did not differ in relative weight but showed some renal necrosis. The spleen and lung of ART10 treated group showed some pathological changes. The changes in relative liver weight, kidney tissue, Cl-, MDA and GPx levels of ART-NVP administered rats suggest the need for precautionary measures during drug treatment combination. Keywords: Artemether; Nevirapine; Toxicology; Liver; Kidney; Spleen; Lung, Biochemical parameters

Abstract MP08: Testosterone Contributes To Renal Necrosis In Male Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR).

We previously published a sex difference in renal necrosis in SHR with males having a maturation induced increase in renal necrosis that is absent in females. Testosterone is known to drive an increase both in blood pressure (BP) with maturation in male SHR and necrosis of renal tubular epithelial cell in vitro. In the current study we tested the hypothesis that testosterone underlies the maturation induced increase in renal necrosis in male SHR. At 4 weeks of age, male SHR were randomly assigned to either sham or gonadectomy (ORX) groups (n=3). To control for the influence of high BP on renal necrosis, a third group was subjected to a sham surgery and treated with the anti-hypertensive medications hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ; 55mg/kg/day) and reserpine (Res; 4.5 mg/kg/day) in drinking water starting at 9 weeks of age (n=4) to prevent age-related increases in BP. At 8 weeks of age, telemeters were implanted in all groups followed by a recovery for 1 week before BP was recorded. A separate set of rats were randomly assigned to Sham (n=3), ORX (n=4), or HCTZ/Res (n=4) and subjected to the exact same procedures as the previous set except for telemetry implantation. All rats were euthanized at 13 weeks of age and kidneys were collected for the quantification of renal necrosis using flow cytometric analysis of 7AAD + cells. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and presented as mean ± standard error. BP was significantly lower in ODX and HCTZ/Res treated groups compared to sham (mean arterial blood pressure (mmHg): Sham= 139±2; HCTZ/Res= 117±3; ODX= 126±2; p=0.002; n=3-4). Renal necrosis was also significantly less in ORX rats, but not altered in HCTZ/Res treated groups compared to sham (renal necrosis expressed as % total gated kidney cells: Sham= 6±0.3%; HCTZ/Res=5±0.4%; ODX= 4±0.4%; P=0.003; n=6-7). Testosterone contributes to maturation induced increase in renal necrosis in male SHR.

Abstract P130: In Vitro Treatment Of Isolated Renal T Cells With HMGB1-neutralizing Antibody Decreases Activation In Hypertensive Males And Females

Background: Renal necrosis induces the release of pro-inflammatory danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and HMGB1 is the best-characterized DAMP. Previous studies published by our lab found that male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) have greater renal necrosis and more pro-inflammatory T cells than females. The current study tested the hypothesis that greater HMGB1 in male SHR will result in greater renal T cell activation compared to female SHR. Methods: Male and female SHR were euthanized at 13 weeks of age. One kidney was sectioned and the cortex homogenized for HMGB1 quantification by ELISA (n=5 per group). The remaining kidney was homogenized under sterile conditions and renal T cells isolated. T cells were cultured with total splenocytes from sex-matched WKY. Additional experiments were conducted in the presence of HMGB1-neutralizing antibody (n=6) or control IgG antibody (n=4). After 72 hours of culture, CD71 + cells were assessed by flow cytometric analysis as a measure of T cell activation and resulting data are expressed as a percentage of total T cells. Results: Renal HMGB1 levels were statistically comparable between male SHR and female SHR (1.61±0.1 vs. 1.3±0.1, respectively; p=0.12). Despite this, T cell activation was higher in male SHR than females (% CD71 + cells: 92±0.3 vs. 70±2; p<0.0001). IgG antibody treatment did not alter T cell activation in either sex (% CD71 + cells: 91±0.2 vs. 74±2), while treatment with HMGB1-neutralizing antibody decreased T cell activation in both sexes (% CD71 + cells: male SHR, 79±1; female SHR, 57±1.6; 2-way ANOVA: p sex <0.0001, p treatment <0.0001, p int =0.49). Conclusion: Although male SHR did not have higher levels of HMGB1 than female SHR, they had significantly greater T cell activation compared to females. Treatment with HMGB1-neutralizing antibody decreased T cell activation in both males and females, but sex differences in T cell activation were maintained, suggesting that HMGB1 contributes to T cell activation equally in both sexes. Further studies will be required to determine the physiological basis of sex differences in renal inflammation.

Toward Automation of the Supine Pressor Test for Preeclampsia

Preeclampsia leads to increased risk of morbidity and mortality for both mother and fetus. Most previous studies have largely neglected mechanical compression of the left renal vein by the gravid uterus as a potential mechanism. In this study, we first used a murine model to investigate the pathophysiology of left renal vein constriction. The results indicate that prolonged renal vein stenosis after 14 days can cause renal necrosis and an increase in blood pressure (BP) of roughly 30 mmHg. The second part of this study aimed to automate a diagnostic tool, known as the supine pressor test (SPT), to enable pregnant women to assess their preeclampsia development risk. A positive SPT has been previously defined as an increase of at least 20 mmHg in diastolic BP when switching between left lateral recumbent and supine positions. The results from this study established a baseline BP increase between the two body positions in nonpregnant women and demonstrated the feasibility of an autonomous SPT in pregnant women. Our results demonstrate that there is a baseline increase in BP of roughly 10–14 mmHg and that pregnant women can autonomously perform the SPT. Overall, this work in both rodents and humans suggests that (1) stenosis of the left renal vein in mice leads to elevation in BP and acute renal failure, (2) nonpregnant women experience a baseline increase in BP when they shift from left lateral recumbent to supine position, and (3) the SPT can be automated and used autonomously.

Nephroprotective efficacy of Asparagus racemosus root extract on acetaminophen-induced renal injury in rats

Acetaminophen-induced renal necrosis and insufficiency occurs in patients with acetaminophen overdose. Renal failure is rapidly assuming epidemic proportions globally. In absence of reliable and effective nephroprotective drugs, strategies towards exploring alternative therapies for treatment of kidney diseases are essential. Asparagus racemosus is a medicinal plant used for treatment of various ailments. This research was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of ethanol fraction of A. racemosus roots extract in acetaminophen-induced uraemia and renal failure in rats. Rats were co-administered with acetaminophen injection and oral administration of A. racemosus roots extract in an attempt of protection against renal failure. Uremic biomarkers significantly decreased, and elevated levels of antioxidant enzymes were found, in the animals treated with ethanol fraction of A. racemosus when compared with acetaminophen treated uremic animals. Also, histology of kidneys showed control like structure in animals treated with this extract but severe damage in the uremic animals. HPLC analysis of the ethanol fraction of A. racemosus roots extract revealed eight compounds out of which one had a retention time near to the quercetin standard. It may be concluded that this extract of A. racemosus has therapeutically useful nephroprotective potential.

Polytraumatic injury with splenic rupture and unilateral avascular renal necrosis: A case report

In this paper, we present a patient who underwent an emergency exploratory laparotomy after Motor Vehicle Collison (MVC) leading to splenic injury, avascular necrosis of kidney and right upper extremity Colles’ fracture. Goal of the paper is to present a patient of polytrauma along with its treatment plan in terms of prioritizing the standard of care. We also discuss various radiographical findings along with gross surgical findings that were found intraoperatively.South East Asia Journal of Public Health Vol.7(1) 2017: 58-61

Epidemiological data and a score-based study of renal, hepatic and cerebral lesions in feline infectious peritonitis

The study describes the epidemiological and pathological findings observed in a population of cats with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and estimated the degree of tissue destruction in the kidney, brain, and liver. A retrospective study was performed to determine the number of cats with a histopathological diagnosis of FIP between 2005-2016, at the Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Universidade Estadual de Londrina. The histopathological alterations in selected organs (brain, liver and kidneys) associated with FIP were described and then compared with a scoring system to estimate the degree of tissue destruction. FIP was diagnosed in 3.7% (19/520) of all cats necropsied during the 11-year period; sexual and breed predominance were not identified. Cats that were less than one-year-old were more frequently diagnosed with FIP. Pyogranulomatous nephritis with vasculitis (94.7%; 18/19), coagulative renal necrosis (84.2%; 16/19), hepatocellular necrosis (57.9; 11/19), and necrotizing leptomeningitis (47.4%; 9/19) were the most frequent lesions observed. Moreover, FIP-associated renal lesions were more severe and frequently observed when compared with those in the brain and liver. It is proposed that necrosis be considered as an important lesion associated with FIP that should be included in the histopathological diagnosis of this disease.