Chemical Treatment of Black Tiger nut Tubers (Cyperusesculentus) Variety to Obtain a Bio-based Product

The purpose of this study is to improve microbiological qualities of black tiger nut tubers. Thereby, black variety of tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) were differently processed in ascorbic acid and alkaline (Ca(OH)2 and Kanwa (alkaline calcium carbonate locally used to soften vegetable)) solutions at different concentrations and temperatures. The effect of these treatments on the water content (swelling), soluble loss, dehulling efficiency and microbial load was investigated. Water content or swelling of the tiger nut soaked in acid and alkaline solutions can be predicted by Peleg model like with brown variety.of C. esculentus tubers. This swelling lead to enhance dehulling efficiency of tuber but caused soluble solute loss overall at the highest temperature of soaking in vitamin C solution. Like soaking in water, the constant of Peleg (k1) decrease with the increase of the temperature of soaking, whereas the constant of capacity of Peleg (k2) is approximately 0.018% for all the conditions. Dehulling efficiency also increased with increasing temperatures (65% at 20°C to 70% at 60°C) for tiger nut tubers soaked in water (0 g/L), dehulling efficiency appeared most strongly affected by concentrations and temperatures of soaking solutions. Like dehulling efficiency, ascorbic solutions has given the best results in term of reduction of microbial load compared to the other soaking solutions. This reduction is considerable at the higher temperatures, reaching a maximum of 4.8 log reduction. Soaking and dehulling treatments gave to black tiger nut tuber effective decontamination in term of microbial load and obtained good microbiological quality for final process.

Chemical Treatment of Black Tiger nut Tubers (Cyperus esculentus) Variety to Obtain a Bio-based Product

Black variety of tiger nut tubers (Cyperus esculentus) were differently processed in ascorbic acid and alkaline (Ca(OH)2 and Kanwa) solutions at different concentrations and temperatures. The effect of these treatments on the water content (swelling), soluble loss, dehulling efficiency and microbial load was investigated. Water content or swelling of the tiger nut soaked in acid and alkaline solutions can be predicted by Peleg model like with brown variety. This swelling lead to enhance dehulling efficiency of tuber but caused soluble solute loss overall at the highest temperature of soaking in vitamin C solution. Like soaking in water, the constant of Peleg (k1) decrease with the increase of the temperature of soaking, whereas the constant of capacity of Peleg (k2) is approximately 0.018% for all the conditions. Dehulling efficiency also increased with increasing temperatures (65% at 20°C to 70% at 60°C) for tiger nut tubers soaked in water (0 g/L), dehulling efficiency appeared most strongly affected by concentrations and temperatures of soaking solutions. Like dehulling efficiency, ascorbic solutions has given the best results in term of reduction of microbial load compared to the other soaking solutions. This reduction is considerable at the higher temperatures, reaching a maximum of 4.8 log reduction. Soaking and dehulling treatments gave to tiger nut tuber effective decontamination in term of microbial load and obtained good microbiological quality for final process.

Effect of Gamma Irradiation and Microwave Energy on Milling Characteristics of Pigeon Pea

Pulse milling industries in India are facing problems of low milling recovery and increased brokens, in spite of using pre-treatments like conditioning with oil, chemicals and enzymes. Experiments were carried out to study the effects of gamma irradiation and microwave energy on milling characteristics of pigeon pea. Conditioned pigeon pea samples at four moisture levels (7, 10, 13, 16 %, w.b.) were pre-treated with four dosage of irradiation (2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 kGy) before milling. Gamma irradiation did not improve dehulling efficiency of pigeon pea. Grains at moisture levels of 10, 13, and 16 % (w.b.) were treated with different dosages of microwave. Dehulling efficiency and degree of dehulling was observed to be higher in microwave treated sample, and significantly increased with increasing dosage of microwave energy. Compared to untreated samples, dehulling efficiency and degree of dehulling of treated samples was increased by 18.04 % and 21.65 %, respectively, at microwave dosage of 864 J.g-1 and moisture content of 10 % (d.b.).

Effects of some test parameters on dehulling efficiency of a roasted groundnut seed dehulling machine

Groundnut (Arachis hypogeae. L) is an important oil seed grown in over 100 countries for its nutritional value. In order to improve its storability and value, various ways of processing the seeds have been adopted among which is the roasting and removal of husk or rind from the roasted groundnuts. The process of removing of groundnut husk is mostly done manually and inappropriate for large scale processing. In order to improve groundnut seed husk dehulling process through mechanization, a roasted groundnut seed dehulling machine was developed and the effects of operating speed of the machine and moisture content of the seed on the on the efficiency of the machine was studied. 1kg of the roasted groundnut in five replicates with moisture content of 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2 % (w.b) respectively, was fed into the machine at different speed of 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50 rpm for each replicate. The machine had the best dehulling efficiencies of 80%, 78%, 77%, 90% and 73% at the lowest speed (30 rpm) while the lowest efficiency of 57%, 49%, 53%, 52% and 46% was recorded at the highest speed (50 rpm) in all moisture content (1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0 and 2.2%) respectively. The best performance efficiency of 90% was gotten at 30 rpm and moisture content of 2.0 % (w.b). Hence, an optimum operating condition was established for the machine.

Development and performance evaluation of pedal operated dehuller for black soybean

Black soybean is a food source which contains high quality protein and does not contain cholesterol and saturated fatty acids. It is rich in vitamin and minerals and has significant medicinal effect. In India, traditional method of dehusking the black soybean is hand operated grindstone (Chakki). In grindstone, main disadvantage is the incomplete dehulling of the beans. This method of dehusking is also tedious and time consuming process. Therefore post harvest management and processing of black soybean are very important and hence an effort has been made to develop a pedal operated dehuller for Uttarakhand women with the help of anthropometric data. Dehuller works on the principle of shearing force where black soybean passes through between the grind stone roller and concave surface of perforated mild steel sheet and power would be provided through pedal to the machine. The different components were designed and best dehulling efficiency of the machine was 72.08 per cent at 10 per cent moisture content and 25kg/h feed rate with payback period of 1.67year. This machine is basically designed for Uttarakhand small women farmers and can generate employment.

Variations in Accumulation of Lignin and Cellulose and Metabolic Changes in Seed Hull Provide Insight into Dehulling Characteristic of Tartary Buckwheat Seeds

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) is considered a profitable crop that possesses medicinal properties, because of its flavonoid compounds. However, the dehulling issue is becoming the bottleneck for consumption of Tartary buckwheat seed. In this study, we investigated the relation between dehulling efficiency and content of lignin and cellulose in the seed hull. Moreover, the untargeted metabolomics analysis, including partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and principal component analysis (PCA), were performed to examine the pattern of metabolic changes in the hull of Tartary buckwheat seeds, XQ 1 and MQ 1, during seed development using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In mature seed hull the accumulation of highest lignin and lowest cellulose were observed in the hull of MQ 1 seed, a dehulling-friendly variety with highest dehulling efficiency (93%), than that in other dehulling recalcitrant varieties, such as XQ 1 with a range of dehulling efficiency from 2% to 6%. During seed development, the total content of lignin and cellulose increased. MQ 1 and XQ 1 displayed a similar trend in the change of lignin and cellulose that the content was decreased in lignin and increased in cellulose. PCA result showed the metabolic differentiations between MQ 1 and XQ 1 during seed development. The results of our study suggest the compensatory regulation of lignin and cellulose deposition in the hull of mature and developing seed, and deviation of MQ 1 from the ratio of lignin to cellulose of other dehulling recalcitrant varieties may have been a contributing factor that resulted in the dehulling differentia.

Influence of Seed Coat Color Genes on Milling Qualities of Red Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.)

Efficient milling is the key economic trait for the red lentil industry. Various seed characteristics including seed coat color can influence milling characteristics. Four basic seed coat ground colors (green, gray, tan, and brown) of 16 red lentil genotypes from a common genetic background were compared to determine the effect of seed coat color genes on three key milling quality traits: dehulling efficiency (DE), milling recovery (MR), and football recovery (FR). These genotypes were grown at two locations in Saskatchewan, Canada for two years. DE, MR, and FR results varied depending on the seed coat color conferred by specific genotypes. Green and gray seed coat color (homozygous recessive tgc allele) genotypes had significantly higher DE and MR percentages compared to brown or tan seed coat types (homozygous dominant Tgc allele) depending on genotype interaction with site-year. Seeds with brown or tan seed coats had significantly higher FR percentages in two site-years. Red cotyledon lentils with uniform shape and green or gray seed coat color might be more profitable for millers who wish to maximize DE and MR of red lentil, but brown seed coat color might be preferable in terms of FR.