Empirical Research on Individual Psychological Characteristics of the Rehabilitation Capacity of People with Chemical Dependence in the Period of Youth and Adulthood

The article reflects the ideas about the rehabilitation capacity and components as potentially important in overcoming the disease. Based on the analysis of theoretical and empirical studies, the components of the rehabilitation capacity were identified, revealing the features of the course of the disease of people with chemical dependence in different age groups. The study reflects the results based on the diagnosis of rehabilitators of two age groups: young and mature age, undergoing the social rehabilitation in five structural divisions of the regional state institution "Rehabilitation Center for Drug Addicts "Volya". On the basis of the obtained empirical data, the ratio of the components of the rehabilitation capacity in young and mature age is shown. The specificity of the rehabilitation capacity of chemical addicts in different age groups is noted. The analysis of age differences in the rehabilitation capacity is carried out, the features of the components depending on the age are revealed. It is shown that people with chemical dependence have a low and average level of rehabilitation capacity, therefore, a development program of the identified components is proposed.

Chemical dependence by marijuana use: from pleasure to illness. A serious problem in Public Health in Brazil

Introduction: Marijuana use has increased globally, being the most widely used illicit drug in the world. It is estimated that between 167 and 315 million people between 15 and 64 years old used some illicit drug in the last decade. In Brazil, approximately 7.5 million university students, distributed in approximately 2,400 institutions make use of the herb. Method: A descriptive study was conducted based on a literature literature review. The research was carried out through the Scielo database and virtual health library (BVS). Results AND Discussion: Regarding the effects of marijuana, in some studies symptoms related to recreational use and abuse of this drug are reported. However, at the academic level, the effects of marijuana use can be divided into acute and chronic symptoms. Acute effects are classified as euphoria, physical effects and psychic effects such as depression, hallucination, illusion, drowsiness and impairments of concentration and short-term memory. Conclusion: Some evidence is demonstrated that may explain why individuals choose to use marijuana. Most often the acute effects of euphoria, pleasure and relaxation are desired, in contrast, it is observed that the damages associated with this use end up overcoming the illusory benefits that the drug offers, thus leading to pleasure becoming an illness.

Solubility of carbon, manganese and silicon in γ-iron of Fe-Mn-Si-C alloys

The study was performed on alloys with a carbon content of 0,37-0,57 % (wt.), silicon 0,23-0,29 % (wt.), manganese 0,7-0,86 % (wt.), the rest– iron. To determine the phase composition of alloys used microstructural, microanalysis and X-ray analysis. In addition, the physical characteristics of the alloys studied in this paper were determined, such as alloy chemical dependence of extension and contraction ratio, impact toughness and hardness. The results obtained in this paper showed that the iron-based alloy with the content of carbon of 0.57 % (wt.), silicon of 0.28 % (wt.) and manganese of 0.86 % (wt.)) had the superior microstructure and physical properties. It was determined that after a number of crystallization and phase transformation the alloy phase structure includes two phases: a-iron and cement magnesium doping Fe2.7Mn0,3C.. For the first time using the method quasichemistry received an expression of the free energy of a γ-iron alloyed with silicon and magnesium, and determined the solubility limit of carbon, manganese and silicon. The maximum content in γ-iron can reach: carbon 6,8 % (at.), manganese – 67,5 % (at.), silicon – 2,3 % (at.).

Caracterização de usuários de drogas psicoativas residentes em comunidades terapêuticas no Brasil

Introducción: El consumo de drogas psicoactivas es cada vez mayor, precoz y abusivo, causando dependencia química. Esta dependencia requiere tratamiento y control. Uno de los lugares disponibles en Brasil para esa atención es el servicio comunitario terapéutico.Objetivo: Identificar el perfil de los usuarios de drogas psicoactivas que residen en comunidades terapéuticas.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo, transversal, realizado con usuarios de drogas de tres comunidades terapéuticas, en el interior de la región centro-oeste de Brasil. Para la recopilación de datos, se utilizó un cuestionario semiestructurado, cuyas respuestas se analizaron y analizaron en el programa BioEstat versión 5.0, luego de la aprobación ética de la Universidad de São Paulo, según la opinión de 2.487.000. Resultados: Participaron 21 hombres, adultos jóvenes, solteros, escolarización baja, desempleados y con religión. El uso de drogas fue precoz, a través del alcohol, tabaco y marihuana, usado por amigos y curiosidad. Hubo una historia de admisiones múltiples para tratar la dependencia química, y la comunidad terapéutica es el servicio más buscado. El conflicto familiar, la pérdida del tabajo remunerado y los problemas de salud mental, así como la forma en que el usuario considera el tratamiento recibido y la disposición a consumir drogas durante el tratamiento, se han asociado con el consumo de drogas. Conclusión: Conocer el perfil de los usuarios de drogas puede subsidiar acciones de salud dirigidas a satisfacer las demandas integrales de los usuarios, contribuyendo a la elaboración de políticas públicas y estrategias de rehabilitación que contribuyan a la adhesión al tratamiento. Introduction: The consumption of psychoactive drugs is increasing, precocious and abusive, causing chemical dependence. This dependence requires treatment and control. One of the places available in Brazil for this host is the therapeutic community service.Objective: to identify the profile of psychoactive drug users residing in therapeutic communities. Methods: cross-sectional, quantitative descriptive study with drug users from three therapeutic communities, located in the interior of the Central-West region of Brazil. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, whose responses were analyzed and analyzed in the BioEstat version 5.0 program, after ethical approval by the University of Sao Paulo, under opinion 2,487,000. Results: 21 men, young adults, single, low schooling, unemployed and with religion participated. The use of drugs was precocious, through alcohol, tobacco and marijuana, used by friends and curiosity. There was a history of multiple admissions to treat chemical dependence, with the therapeutic community being the most sought after service. Family conflict, loss of reemployment, and problems with mental health, as well as the way in which the user considers the treatment received and the willingness to use drugs during treatment have been strongly associated with drug use. Conclusion: Knowing the profile of drug users can subsidize health actions aimed at meeting the integral demands of users, contributing to the elaboration of public policies and rehabilitation strategies that contribute to adherence to treatment.

Solubility of Carbon, Manganese and Silicon in α-Iron of Fe-Mn-Si-C Alloys

The study was performed on alloys with a carbon content of 0.37-0.57% (wt.), silicon 0.23-0.29% (wt.), manganese 0.7‑0.86% (wt.), the rest– iron. To determine the phase composition of alloys used microstructural, microanalysis and X-ray analysis. In addition, the physical characteristics of the alloys studied in this paper were determined, such as alloy chemical dependence of extension and contraction ratio, impact toughness and hardness. The results obtained in this paper showed that the iron-based alloy with the content of carbon of 0.57 % (wt.), silicon of 0.28 % (wt.) and manganese of 0.86 % (wt.)) had the superior microstructure and physical properties. It was determined that after a number of crystallization and phase transformation the alloy phase structure includes two phases: a-iron and cement magnesium dopingFe2.7Mn0,3C. For the first time using the method quasi-chemistry received an expression of the free energy of a solid solution α-iron alloyed with silicon and magnesium, and determined the solubility limit of carbon, manganese and silicon. In δ-iron may dissolve to 0.09% (wt.) carbon, manganese up to 3.5% (wt.), silicon – 0.25% (wt.). The maximum content in α-iron can reach: carbon – 0.017% (wt.), manganese – 21% (wt.), silicon – 1.3% (wt.).

Reflexões Atuais Sobre Dependência Química e Aprisionamento: uma Discussão a Partir do Estado da Arte Entre os Anos de 2005 a 2017

As políticas públicas brasileiras, em especial, as que tratam da questão da dependência química na saúde, não obstante têm sido norteadas na atualidade por discursos ideológicos e reducionistas. Os custos sociais, emocionais e econômicos causados pela doença tendem a aumentar enquanto o foco estiver em soluções de cunho imediatista. Com isto, o encarceramento por tráfico de drogas se intensifica visivelmente e se constata a relação com o consumo de drogas ilícitas e sua criminalização, sendo este cenário, significativamente, fomentado ainda pela relação entre drogas, violência, aprisionamento e, reincidência penitenciária. No estudo em questão se procurou observar à luz dos trabalhos pesquisados a forma de condução das estratégias voltadas à dependência química e ao indivíduo vulnerável e, por vezes, em situação de aprisionamento. Trata-se de estudo na forma do “Estado da Arte” ou “Estado do Conhecimento” como método, sobre a relação da dependência química e aprisionamento. A pesquisa e levantamento do material foram realizados entre novembro de 2018 a março de 2019, nos bancos de dados: SciELO, Pubmed, Lilacs, Medline e Capes, sendo a amostra final composta por dez estudos. As discussões em torno da dependência química devem ser pautadas em políticas públicas acessíveis que possam viabilizar os aspectos biopsicossociais que permeiam o indivíduo em vulnerabilidade, de forma a torná-las estratégias assertivas no tratamento da doença. Palavras-chave: Usuário de Drogas. Drogas Ilícitas. Prisões e Sistema Penitenciário. AbstractThe Brazilian public policies, especially those dealing with chemical dependence issues have been currently guided by ideological and reductionist discourses. The social, emotional and economic costs caused by the disease tend to increase as long as the focus is on immediate solutions. Thereby, the incarceration for drug trafficking has visibly intensified and the relationship between illicit drugs use and criminalization is also evident, being this scenario significantly fomented still by the relationship among drugs, violence, imprisonment and penitentiary recidivism. In the study in question, it was tried to observe in the light of the researched studies the way of conducting the strategies focused on chemical dependence and the vulnerable person and sometimes in prison situation. It is a study in the form of the “State of Art” or “State of Knowledge” as a method, on the relationship of chemical dependency and imprisonment. The material research and survey were conducted from November 2018 to March 2019, in SciELO, Pubmed, Lilacs, Medline and CAPES databases, and the final sample consisted of ten studies. Thus, it was concluded that discussions about chemical dependence should be guided by accessible public policies that can enable the biopsychosocial aspects that permeate the individual in vulnerability, in order to make them assertive strategies in the disease treatment. Keywords: Drug User. Illicit Drugs. Prisons and Penitentiary System.