ANALISIS KINERJA CONDENSER SHELL AND TUBE UNIT 2 DI PT. PLN (PERSERO) SEKTOR ASAM-ASAM KALIMANTAN SELATAN

Theecondenser is a type of heat exchanger that functions to condense fluid. On steam powermsystems. Thevmain function ofmthe condenser is to convert steam into liquid. The purpose of this study is to determine the value and influence of heat balance, heat transfer coefficient, pressure drop and condenser efficiency.Thewresults offthissstudy indicate that in 2018 thee average heat balance (Q) was obtained at 356,017,533.46 Kj / hour while in 2019 the results of the average heat balance (Q) were 640,293,647,066 Kj / hour, fouling factor was not affect the balance sheet. The average gross heat transfer coefficient (UD) in 2018 amounted to 204,274.25 Kj / hour.m2. C and the average net heat transfer coefficient (UC) was 206,378 Kj / hr.m2. ° C whereas in 2019 the average heat transfer coefficient is obtained by the average gross heat transfer coefficient (UD) of 366,544.07 Kj / jam.m2. ° C and the Clean heat transfer coefficient (UC) is 448,554 Kj / h.m2. ° C.Fouling factor is very influential onnthe heatwtransfer coefficient because the greater the fouling in the tube will result in the inhibition of theeheat transfer rate in the tube, so that the heat transfer coefficient decreases. The pressure drop in 2018 is still within the permissible limits, with an average of 504.28 bars and 2019 of 513.03 bars. The effectiveness of the condenser in 2018 is an average of 23.330 after maintenance has been obtained, the average effectiveness of the condenser in 2019 is 40.743

Design, Fabrication and Performance Evaluation of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger for Practical Application

A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer thermal energy between two or more fluids, at different temperatures in thermal contact. This paper focuses on a shell-and-tubes heat exchanger that involves two fluids (hot water and cold water) in contact with each other while the cold water flows through the tubes and hot water through the shell. Heat exchangers have special and practical applications in the feed water cooler in the process industries, power plants, chemical plants, refineries, process applications as well as refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The design calculations were carried out to determine the specifications of essential parameters for the development of the heat exchanger, data generated from the theoretical formulae were used to fabricate the heat exchanger using some locally available and durable materials, and the performance of the system was evaluated. Some of the parameters evaluated include heat duty, capacity ratio, effectiveness, overall heat transfer coefficient, and fouling factor. The heat exchanger was tested under various flow conditions and the results obtained were as follows; cold water inlet temperatures of (26, 26, 26, 27and 27) ºC increased to (59, 44, 39, 47 and 35) ºC after (10, 7½, 6½ 8, and 6) minutes and the hot water temperatures decreased from (100, 80, 75, 87 and 73) ºC to (73, 59, 55, 62 and 50) ºC, respectively. The design data and test data were compared in terms of the heat duty, capacity ratio, effectiveness, overall heat transfer coefficient, and fouling factor, the deviation is found to be 22.87%, 13.99%, 8.98%, 43.30%, and 43.30% respectively. The results obtained proved that the heat exchanger was effective, reliable and provides a good technical approach to evaluate the thermal performance of the heat exchanger and useful in conducting heat and mass transfer practical in thermodynamics laboratory.

Pengaruh waktu pemeliharaan (cleaning) terhadap kinerja cooler pada unit penyulingan minyak mentah

Minyak bumi merupakan hal yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh masyarakat dunia sehingga proses refinery dalam industri perminyakan memiliki peran yang sangat penting. Hal tersebut dikarenakan proses refinery berperan dalam penyediaan bahan bakar untuk memenuhi kebutuhan negara dari berbagai aspek kehidupan mulai dari kebutuhan konsumsi masyarakat maupun industri lainnya.Crude distiller merupakan unit proses primer yang berfungsi memisahkan minyak mentah menjadi fraksi-fraksinya secara penyulingan atau distilasi biasa pada tekanan atmosfer.Bahan baku yang diolah di crude distiller II adalah crude oil dari SPD, Jene, Tap, dan Ramba serta crude oil ex kapal dari Ketapa, Duri, dan SLC akan membentuk produk gas, crude buthane, naphta, SR tops, LCT, LKD, dan residu.Cooler yang digunakan pada Crude Distiller Unit II (CDU II) perusahaan minyak dan gas merupakan panas yang ditukar dengan tipe tube and shell.Tingkat kekotoran dari fluida yang digunakan pada coolerlama kelamaan akan menghambat kinerja cooler dan menyebabkan cooler harus dibersihkan dalam kurun waktu tertentu maka kinerja cooler dalam mentransfer panas dapat maksimal dan menaikkan efisiensi alat. Penurunan kinerja cooler tersebut dikarenakan nilai fouling factor dan tipe air pendingin yang digunakan tidaklah sesuai. Oleh karena itu, pada paper ini akan dibahas dan dibandingkan beberapa hal yang menjadi faktor penyebab rendahnya kinerja cooler untuk mendapatkan waktu operasi cooler yang optimal. Dengan menggunakan perbandingan data aktual dengan desain maka didapatkan jadwal cleaning39 bulan atau 3,25 tahun terhitung sejak September 2017 yang berarti bahwa cooler yang digunakan masih dalam kondisi yang baik dan mampu bekerja secara optimal.

The Antifouling Effects of Copper-Oxide Filler Incorporated Into Paint-Based Protective Films Applied to Steam Surface Condenser Tubes

Paint-based protective films (PPFs) are used to protect condenser tubes from corrosion and erosion but have been shown to be susceptible to biofouling. Here, the biocidal properties of copper-oxide fillers incorporated into PPFs are explored in this paper. Specifically, two PPFs filled with 20% and 50% filler (by weight) are tested in parallel with a nonbiocidal ordinary epoxy PPF, and bare stainless steel tube. Using double-pipe co-current flow heat exchangers installed at a thermal power plant, actual cooling water exiting the condenser is evenly distributed between the test tubes. Heat transfer in the condenser is simulated by heated water flowing through each annulus of the double-pipe heat exchangers, thereby maintaining repeatable outer convection conditions. An exposure test of 125 days shows that the 50% biocide-filled PPF has the lowest fouling factor of all the tubes. The nonbiocidal epoxy has the highest fouling factor and the 20% filled PPF behaves similarly. Both of these are greater than the bare stainless steel control tube. The 50% filled PPF is compared to the fouling of an existing admiralty brass tube and the shapes of the fouling curves are similar. This evidence suggests that provided the filler concentration is sufficiently high, there is the potential for the copper-oxide filler to reduce the asymptotic composite fouling factor by virtue of its antibacterial properties.

Evaporation

Evaporation is a process that involves the removal by vaporization of part of the solvent from a solution, with the objective being to concentrate the solution. In the evaporation of solutions containing biological compounds, the volatile solvent can be water or an organic solvent. Organic solvents are frequently used for antibiotics, steroids, and peptides. Often the solution is under a moderate vacuum, at pressures down to about 0.05 atm absolute [1], which is especially important for heat-sensitive biologicals where the temperature should be as low as possible to minimize degradation. The energy source for evaporation is usually steam at a low pressure, below 3 atm absolute [1]. Evaporation processes typically occur after the processes used for the removal of insolubles. They are often used to concentrate a solution just prior to the bioproduct being crystallized or precipitated. Evaporation can often be coupled with extraction: for example, a bioproduct is extracted from an aqueous stream with an organic solvent, and the extract is sent to an evaporator for concentration. In this chapter, the basic principles of evaporation are discussed, followed by a description of the most common types of evaporators for heat sensitive biological products and a discussion of scale-up and design methods. After completing this chapter, the reader should be able to do the following: • Explain the different types of resistances to heat transfer in an evaporator. • Take into account the boiling point elevation in heat transfer calculations for evaporators. • Calculate the heat transfer resistances and residence time for the concentration of a heat-sensitive bioproduct in a falling film evaporator. • Estimate the fouling factor in an evaporator. • Calculate the maximum allowable vapor velocity from an evaporator. • Select an appropriate type of evaporator to use based on the specific operational and product characteristics. • Size evaporators based on specific operating conditions and the expected overall heat transfer coefficient. The main principles to consider for evaporators are heat transfer and vapor-liquid separation. The theoretical basis of these principles will be discussed.

A Parametric Study of the Impact of the Cooling Water Site Specific Conditions on the Efficiency of a Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant

In this study, the thermal analysis for the impact of the cooling seawater site specific conditions on the thermal efficiency of a conceptual pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant (PWR NPP) is presented. The PWR NPP thermal performance depends upon the heat transfer analysis of steam surface condenser accounting for the key parameters such as the cooling seawater salinity and temperature that affect the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient and fouling factor. The study has two aspects: the first one is the impact of the temperature and salinity within a range of (290 K–310 K and 0.00–60000 ppm) on the seawater thermophysical properties such as density, specific heat, viscosity, and thermal conductivity that reflect a reduction in the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient from 2.25 kW/m2 K to 1.265 kW/m2 K at temperature and salinity of 290 K and 0.00 ppm and also from 2.35 kW/m2 K to 1.365 kW/m2 K at temperature and salinity of 310 K and 60000 ppm, whereas the second aspect is the fouling factor variations due to the seawater salinity. The analysis showed that the two aspects have a significant impact on the computation of the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient, whereas the increase of seawater salinity leads to a reduction in the condenser overall heat transfer coefficient.

LIFE PREDICTION” FOR THE HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat exchanger degradation is a non- periodic non stationary process, which depends upon the variation of parameters w.r.t time. The measurements are associated with gross errors, if they are not properly handled, they may lead to erroneous estimation and prediction of heat exchanger performance. The objective of this paper is to predict the life of the heat exchanger while reaching to its threshold limit by the output factors like cleanliness factor and fouling factor. The performance factor of heat exchangers degrades with time due to scaling or fouling factor. In this paper we have monitored, predict the working life of the heat exchanger performance

Investigation of New Polyester Nanofiltration (NF) Membrane Fouling with Humic Acid Solution

Ultrafiltration (UF) polyethersulfone membrane support has been modified by interfacial polymerization technique using reaction of aqueous solution and organic solution to form thin film composite (TFC) nanofiltration (NF) membrane. A new polyester layer were produced on the top surface of UF support by the reaction between triethanolamine (TEOA) (6% w/v) in the aqueous solution and solution containing trimesoyl chloride (TMC) (0.15%w/v) at different of reaction times (15, 25 and 35 min). The decrease of membrane permeability was related to the changes of the membrane morphology (i.e. membrane thickness) as the reaction times were increased. Irreversible membrane fouling has been studied by using humic acid as model of natural organic matter (NOM) solutions at two different pH values (7 and 3). At pH 7, it was observed that the NF TFC membranes exhibited practically less tendency to be irreversibly fouled by humic acid. However, the permeate flux was decreased and the irreversible fouling factor was increased with decreasing the pH to a value of 3.