Sow Vaccination Against Virulent Glaesserella Parasuis Shapes the Nasal Microbiota of Their Offspring

Glaesserella parasuis is the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease, a common pathology in the pork industry with higher prevalence in the postweaning period. Vaccination is one of the strategies to control this disease. Here, we investigated the effect that sow vaccination against virulent strains of G. parasuis had in the nasal microbiota of their offspring. Nasal swabs from fifteen days-old piglets from vaccinated (vs-P, N=11) and unvaccinated sows (cs-P, N=11) were obtained and DNA was extracted for 16S amplicon sequencing. Microbiota composition was different, with lower diversity in vs-P, and a strong clustering of the groups in beta diversity analysis. Among the 1,509 sequences associated to either study group, all the sequences classified as G. parasuis (N=10) had lower relative abundance in the vs-P group. A list of 32 inferred metabolic pathways were statistically different between groups. A distinctive structure of the two microbial networks was detected, with modules in the cs-P not conserved in the vs-P network. In conclusion, vaccination of the sows had a large effect in the microbiota composition of their offspring that went beyond the effect on the targeted pathogen. The mechanisms underneath these changes may include alteration of the microbiota network due to the elimination of the targeted pathogen and/or immunological changes.

Metagenomic Anaysis of Nasal Microbiota-Derived Extracellular Vesicle in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis.

Nasal Microbiota is crucial for the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). However, never study investigates the microbiota in nasal extracellular vesicles (EVs). Objective: We aim to compare the microbiome composition and diversity in EVs between AR and health controls (HCs), and reveal the potential metabolic mechanisms in AR. Eosinophil count and serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) were measured in AR patients (n=20) and HCs (n=19). Nasal EVs were identified by transmission electron microscopy and flow cytometry. 16S rRNA sequencing was used to profile microbial communities. Alpha and beta diversity were analyzed to reflect the microbial diversity. Taxonomic abundance was analyzed based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Microbial metabolic pathways were characterized using PICRUSt and KEGG analyses. Eosinophils, total serum IgE, and specific IgE to Dermatophagoides were increased in AR patients. Alpha diversity in nasal EVs from AR patients were lower than that in HCs. Beta diversity showed the microbiome differences between AR and HCs. Microbial abundance was distinct between AR and HCs at different taxonomic levels. The significant higher level of genera Acetobacter, Mycoplasma, Escherichia and Halomonas in AR patients than those in HCs. Conversely, the genera Zoogloea, Streptococcus, Burkholderia as well as Pseudomonas were more abundant in the HCs group. Moreover, 35 microbial metabolic pathways were different between AR and HCs, and 25 pathways were more abundant in AR. AR patients had distinguished microbiota characteristics in nasal EVs compared with HCs. The metabolic mechanisms of microbiota regulating AR development also altered. The nasal fluid may reflect the specific pattern of microbiome EVs in patients with AR.

Variations in facial conformation are associated with differences in nasal microbiota in healthy dogs

Background Extrinsic and intrinsic factors have been shown to influence nasal microbiota (NM) in humans. Very few studies investigated the association between nasal microbiota and factors such as facial/body conformation, age, and environment in dogs. The objectives are to investigate variations in NM in healthy dogs with different facial and body conformations. A total of 46 dogs of different age, living environment and from 3 different breed groups were recruited: 22 meso−/dolichocephalic medium to large breed dogs, 12 brachycephalic dogs and 12 terrier breeds. The nasal bacterial microbiota was assessed through sequencing of 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 regions) amplicons. Results We showed major differences in the NM composition together with increased richness and α-diversity in brachycephalic dogs, compared to meso−/dolichocephalic medium to large dogs and dogs from terrier breeds. Conclusion Healthy brachycephalic breeds and their unique facial conformation is associated with a distinct NM profile. Description of the NM in healthy dogs serves as a foundation for future researches assessing the changes associated with disease and the modulation of NM communities as a potential treatment.

Changes in the Nasal Microbiota of Pigs Following Single or Co-Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome and Swine Influenza A Viruses

Host-microbiota interactions are important in shaping immune responses that have the potential to influence the outcome of pathogen infection. However, most studies have focused on the gut microbiota and its possible association with disease outcome, while the role of the nasal microbiota and respiratory pathogen infection has been less well studied. Here we examined changes in the composition of the nasal microbiota of pigs following experimental infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2), swine influenza A H3N2 virus (H3N2) or both viruses. DNA extracted from nasal swabs were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing to study the composition of the nasal microbiota. Bacterial richness fluctuated in all groups, with a slight reduction in pigs singly infected with PRRSV-2 and H3N2 during the first 5 days of infection compared to uninfected controls. In contrast, nasal bacterial richness remained relatively stable after PRRSV-2/H3N2 co-infection. PRRSV-2 and H3N2, alone or in combination differentially altered the abundance and distribution of bacterial families. Single and co-infection with PRRSV-2 or H3N2 was associated with the expansion of the Neisseriaceae family. A positive correlation between H3N2 viral load and the relative abundance of the Neisseriaceae was observed. However, further mechanistic studies are required to understand the significance of the changes in specific bacterial families following these viral infections.

Genomic Stability and Genetic Defense Systems in Dolosigranulum pigrum , a Candidate Beneficial Bacterium from the Human Microbiome

Dolosigranulum pigrum is a candidate beneficial bacterium with potential for future therapeutic use. This is based on its positive associations with characteristics of health in multiple studies of human nasal microbiota across the span of human life.

A cross-sectional study of the nasal and fecal microbiota of sows from different health status within six commercial swine farms

Background Cull sows are a unique population on swine farms, often representing poor producing or compromised animals, and even though recent studies have reported that the microbiome is associated with susceptibility to diseases, the microbiome of the cull sow population has not been explored. The main objective of this study was to investigate whether there were differences in fecal and upper respiratory tract microbiota composition for groups of sows of different health status (healthy, cull, and compromised/ clinical sows) and from different farms (1 to 6). Methods Six swine farms were visited once. Thirty individual fecal samples and nasal swabs were obtained at each farm and pooled by five across health status and farm. Samples underwent 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and nasal and fecal microbiota were analyzed using QIIME2 v.2021.4. Results Overall, the diversity of the nasal microbiota was lower than the fecal microbiota (p < 0.01). No significant differences were found in fecal or nasal alpha diversity by sow’s health status or by farm. There were significant differences in nasal microbial composition by farm and health status (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05), and in fecal microbiota by farm (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05), but not by health status. Lastly, at the L7 level, there was one differentially abundant taxa across farms for each nasal and fecal pooled samples. Discussion This study provided baseline information for nasal and fecal microbiota of sows under field conditions, and results suggest that farm of origin can affect microbial diversity and composition. Furthermore, sow’s health status may have an impact on the nasal microbiota composition.

Characteristics and Clinical Implications of the Nasal Microbiota in Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type

Natural killer/T cell lymphoma (NKTCL) most frequently affects the nasal cavity and upper aerodigestive tract (UAT) and is often mistaken for reactive disease processes, such as chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Recently, alterations of the nasal resident microbiota have been found in CRS. However, nasal microbial features in NKTCL have never been reported. This case-control study collected 46 NKTCL patients, 25 CRS patients and 24 matched healthy controls (HCs) to analyze nasal microbial profiles via 16S rRNA sequencing technology to improve our understanding of changes in the nasal microbiota in NKTCL. We found that alpha diversity was significantly decreased, while beta diversity was significantly increased in NKTCL compared with those in CRS and HCs. The genus Corynebacterium was significantly depleted in CRS and NKTCL versus that in HCs, while genus Staphylococcus was the most abundant in the NKTCL compared to that in the other two groups. The nasal microbial community was significantly different between UAT-NKTCL and non-UAT NKTCL patients. Importantly, based on a panel of taxa, excellent classification power with an AUC of 0.875 between UAT-NKTCL and CRS was achieved. Furthermore, the alpha diversity of the nasal microbiota was associated with several clinical covariates of NKTCL. Finally, PICRUSt analysis implicated an array of distinct functions in NKTCL that might be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. In conclusion, the nasal microbial profile was unique in NKTCL. The nose-microbiota-UAT NKTCL axis represents a panel of promising biomarkers for clinical practice and contributes to revealing the potential pathogenesis of this malignancy.