Implication of Salivary Chemerin in Diagnosis of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma - A Review

The development of salivary biomarkers of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the area of great interest and research. OSCC is ranked as, the sixth most common cancer worldwide. Most often, its symptoms are not evident during the initial stages or even absent until the cancer has metastasized. If detected early, the rate of cure may be as high as 50%. Hence, there is a dire need to develop diagnostic tools, which may help in early detection and differentiation between high-risk individuals, oral pre-malignant lesions and OSCC. Recently, increased levels of salivary biomarker Chemerin have been shown to be associated with malignant tumors. Since, the validity of any biomarker is the most challenging task for the researcher therefore, there is still debate going about its circulating effects on OSCC growth, whether high levels of Chemerin may act as a valuable biomarker for OSCC. The information was extracted from search engines including Medline, Google Scholar and PubMed through different research papers from 2000-2020. The review emphasized the need to conduct further studies on the significance of Chemerin. Very few studies have shared the association between Chemerin and detection of oral cancer. However, this relationship is strong enough to claim Chemerin as an important diagnostic marker during diagnosis of oral cancer. Keywords: Chemerin; Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma; Biomarker; Neoplasm Metastasis; Proteins.

Salivary biomarkers and its implication in tobacco users-A narrative review

Tobacco has been associated with diverse diseases on the mouth, oral potentially malignant disorders, oral cancer and systemic diseases/cancer. The prevalence of oral cancer is high with tobacco users. The local and systemic physiology is altered by tobacco-related chemicals/metabolites. These may reflect as biomarkers of tobacco use, and they also influence the level of different biomarkers. Saliva being the initial body fluid influenced by the presence of these biomarkers and possess additional advantage to monitor, diagnose or prevent tobacco-associated illness by assessing the same. This narrative review aims to emphasize the different salivary biomarker studies and their inference on tobacco users. Articles have been collected from a different search engine, and the results were assessed to highlight their importance on human health. These markers can be further validated as diagnosing and/or predicting markers in high-risk tobacco users. In addition, the recognized readily available non-invasive salivary markers would be a great source for patient education and promoting health awareness in such groups.

Salivary Biomarkers and Oral Health in Liver Transplant Recipients, with an Emphasis on Diabetes

Salivary biomarkers have been linked to various systemic diseases. We examined the association between salivary biomarkers, periodontal health, and microbial burden in liver transplant (LT) recipients with and without diabetes, after transplantation. We hypothesized that diabetic recipients would exhibit impaired parameters. This study included 84 adults who received an LT between 2000 and 2006 in Finland. Dental treatment preceded transplantation. The recipients were re-examined, on average, six years later. We evaluated a battery of salivary biomarkers, microbiota, and subjective oral symptoms. Periodontal health was assessed, and immunosuppressive treatments were recorded. Recipients with impaired periodontal health showed higher matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels (p < 0.05) and MMP-8/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1) ratios (p < 0.001) than recipients with good periodontal health. Diabetes post-LT was associated with impaired periodontal health (p < 0.05). No difference between groups was found in the microbial counts. Salivary biomarker levels did not seem to be affected by diabetes. However, the advanced pro-inflammatory state induced by and associated with periodontal inflammation was reflected in the salivary biomarker levels, especially MMP-8 and the MMP-8/TIMP-1 molar ratio. Thus, these salivary biomarkers may be useful for monitoring the oral inflammatory state and the course of LT recipients.

Lite Image Analysis Module Salivary Diagnostic Tool - A Review

Background: Saliva is a versatile biofluid that can help in detecting any oral or systemic disease of an individual. Saliva seems to be clinically an informative biofluid for easy prognosis of a disease and clinical or laboratory diagnosis of oral as well as many systemic diseases. It has some specific soluble biological markers that can be considered as an ideal approach for early detection of diseases. Aim: The aim of this paper was to review the recent developments of the Lite Image Analysis Module. Conclusion: Thus, this technology primarily helps in a rapid assessment of salivary biomarker levels signifying the probable systemic and oral condition of an individual both in quantitative as well as qualitative manner. Adopting a simple and quick technique, LIAM can be used effortlessly in some rural remote areas as well where advanced high technology laboratories have not yet reached. Clinical Significance: It is one of the recent advancements in the world of salivary diagnosis LIAM (Lite Image Analysis Module) that is a portable, light, hand-held scanning device which magnificently integrates a distinct analyte identification system that detects the type of analytes being tested and transfer the report straight to a smartphone or a Bluetooth devices.

Technical Considerations and Protocol Optimization for Neonatal Salivary Biomarker Discovery and Analysis

Non-invasive techniques to monitor and diagnose neonates, particularly those born prematurely, are a long-sought out goal of Newborn Medicine. In recent years, technical advances, combined with increased assay sensitivity, have permitted the high-throughput analysis of multiple biomarkers simultaneously from a single sample source. Multiplexed transcriptomic and proteomic platforms, along with more comprehensive assays such as RNASeq, allow for interrogation of ongoing physiology and pathology in unprecedented ways. In the fragile neonatal population, saliva is an ideal biofluid to assess clinical status serially and offers many advantages over more invasively obtained blood samples. Importantly, saliva samples are amenable to analysis on emerging proteomic and transcriptomic platforms, even at quantitatively limited volumes. However, biomarker targets are often degraded in human saliva, and as a mixed source biofluid containing both human and microbial targets, saliva presents unique challenges for the investigator. Here, we provide insight into technical considerations and protocol optimizations developed in our laboratory to quantify and discover neonatal salivary biomarkers with improved reproducibility and reliability. We will detail insights learned from years of experimentation on neonatal saliva within our laboratory ranging from salivary collection techniques to processing to downstream analyses, highlighting the need for consistency in approach and a global understanding of both the potential benefits and limitations of neonatal salivary biomarker analyses. Importantly, we will highlight the need for robust and stringent research in this population to provide the field with standardized approaches and workflows to impact neonatal care successfully.