Is Industry Size a Carrier for Wage Inequality? A Panel Study Addressing Independent Variables of Inherently Different Sizes across Units

We address how independent variables of inherently different sizes across units, e.g., small vs. large industries, in panel regression is an advantage interpretively. Analyzing a Norwegian industry panel, we find that wage inequality is a function of industry size, particularly size increase, in an absolute number of firms. A possible reason is that specialized skilled employees negotiate higher wages when there are many legal entities. The findings can also imply that wage inequality is more sensitive to random change, particularly an increase, in large rather than small industries. We conclude that particularly large industries are positive carriers of wage inequality and discuss potential underlying causal mechanisms such as monopolistic competition.

Development of the method of operational forecasting of fire in the premises of objects under real conditions

A method for operational forecasting of fires is proposed that enables the sequential implementation of five procedures. The method development is necessary to predict early fires in premises in order to take measures to prevent them from escalating into an uncontrolled combustion phase ‒ a fire. As a result of research, it was found that a short-term forecast of the recurrence of increments of the air conditions by one step, based on the current measure of recurrence, is an effective indicator of early fires in premises. At the same time, it was found that before the moment of ignition of the material, the state of the air environment is characterized by dynamic stability, which is described by an irregular and time-dependent random change in the recurrence of the states of the vector of current increments of the state of the air environment. The values of the indicated levels of recurrence of the state increments are determined by the probability levels of 0.67 and 0.1, respectively. The probability of recurrence of state increments of 0.67 is characteristic of a larger number of measured states. When the material is ignited, the dynamics of the probability of recurrence of state increments change abruptly. There is a transition from two to one level of recurrence, close to zero probability ‒ the loss of dynamic stability (in the region of count 250). Further dynamics are characterized by the appearance of separate random recurrent increments corresponding to the instability of the air environment in the premises. In the course of the experiment, it was found that the accuracy of predicting a fire by the proposed method ranges from 4.48 % to 12.79 %, which generally indicates its efficiency. The obtained data prove useful in the development of new systems that early warn of fire in premises, as well as in the modernization of existing systems and means of fire protection of premises

Reducing Accidents Through Detection of Black Hole Attack in VANETs

Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are upcoming prominent technology in the field of communication with vehicles. It is a combination of mobile and sensor network features. The random change in position of vehicles in VANET made the system more vulnerable to attacks. The most important attack in VANETs to be considered is Black hole attack which increases the chances for packet loss and in turn to accidents. There is a necessity to develop the techniques to detect Black hole attacks and reduce number of accidents. In this paper, a technique called “Detection of Black hole in VANET using AODV (DBVANETuAODV)” is proposed to find and prevent Black hole attack and thereby reducing occurrence of accidents. The proposed solution is implemented using AODV Routing protocol in VANET.The experiments are conducted with SUMO and NS2 simulators to depict network environment in an inexpensive way. The proposed method “DBVANETuAODV” is compared with AODV with black hole and the result shows the proposed method provides a significant improvement.

FPGA based Performance Analysis of Speed Control Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drive with Pi and Fuzzy Logic Controller

Present research demonstrates an experimental work and simulation of FPGA based PMSM drives consists of PI and Fuzzy logic controller, for speed control under load, zero load and random change in load conditions. It also delineates the overall performance of a closed loop vector Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) drive consisting of two loops, current for inner and speed for outer loops for better speed tracking systems. The resistive load which is connected across the armature of dc shunt motor and coupled with PMSM is varied. The resultant speed and torque are studied in details. Result showed that in case of fuzzy logic controller, the peak overshoot and settling time can be minimized. This FPGA based PMSM drives can be used for different paramount application under constant speed.

Evolutionary Optimization Of Normally Operated Reinforced Concrete Beam Structures Taking Into Account The Risk Of Accidents

An algorithm for search optimizing reinforced concrete beam systems using the theory of evolutionary modeling has been developed. The search for this solution is performed on the formed areas of permissible values of the variable parameters represented by discrete sets of values. These parameters are dimensions of the cross sections of an element, a concrete class, a class and diameters of steel reinforcement. One of the main active constraints is the value of cost expression of the material losses risk in case of possible structure failure. The main difference between the proposed algorithm and classical evolutionary methods is the use of a new controlled random change operator to find the solution in the iterative process. Herewith other evolutionary operators are not used. To assess the productivity of the proposed algorithm, an example of a two-span beam designing is given. The presented developments make it possible to obtain design solutions for reinforced concrete beam structures taking into account the optimal ratio of costs for the structure manufacturing and the risks costs of its failure under normal operating conditions.

Cost minimization for safety enhancing of timber beam structures in historical buildings

A search method for finding rational parameters of beam structure bearing capacity recovery systems has been developed. This task is relevant to historic buildings containing girders with structural damage. The solution search technique is implemented by the example of calculating the parameters for timber beams external bearing capacity restoration systems with local damage or destruction of supports. An adapted genetic algorithm is used as a tool to solving the problem. A feature of this algorithm is the use of an improved random change operator and the formation of an initial and subsequent solutions sets. In this case, classical evolutionary modelling operators are not used, and the preservation of solutions from iteration to iteration is performed based on modification of the well-known elitism principle. Such computational process has allowed increasing the convergence of the iterative optimization significantly for the tasks considered. Ensuring the structure safety is achieved by strength conditions and regulating the system deflection while minimizing the costs for its operation. Herewith, the objective function allows taking into account both the lump-sum costs for system restoration arrangement and the costs for maintaining its operation during the operation cycle. An example of restoring the beam bearing capacity with the loss of stiffness of its supporting and middle span sections has been considered.