ASSESSMENT OF FALL RISK AMONG ELDERLY IN HOME ENVIRONMENT IN AL-HASA

Introduction and Aim: Fall it is an accident that unintentionally breaks down a person on the floor, the surface of the earth, or any other low level. The goal of this study was to estimate the prevalence of falls among the elderly and investigate the factors that contribute to this study. Method: The study design was quantitative, descriptive that surveyed for elderly risk of fall and their caregivers, using google form. The study was conducted by a two questionnaire type assessment, 8 questions were used to assess each questionnaire, using fall efficacy scale International with four options (not at all concerned, somewhat concerned, fairly concerned, very concerned), and using Modified Barthel index scale with thee options (No, complete dependence, yes, partially assist, and independence). Result: People who are 65 Years old and above were 140 participated in the study. In Barthel index study about (32.9% - 52.1%) was independence, and about (29.3% - 48.6%) were need partial assist, and about (18.6% - 36.4%) were complete dependence. In fall efficacy scale about (6.4% - 42.9%) were not at all concerned, and about (12.9% - 31.4%) were somewhat concerned, and about (12.9% - 29.3%) were fairly concerned, and about (12.9% - 57.1%) were very concerned. Conclusion: The elderly stage is the most stage or period that the human will have many conditions that enhance to fall.

Zechariah

This essay discusses the origin of the book of Zechariah, its location near the end of the Minor Prophets, and the significance of that location. Zechariah depicts an upturn in the fortunes of postexilic Jerusalem, first with returnees from Babylon ca. 520 bce (chaps. 1–8). Chapters 9–14 were added incrementally: chapter 10 in the early fifth century, and chapters 11–14 throughout the rest of the fifth century. Zechariah 2–8 unpacks the cosmological significance of the rebuilding of the temple. Chapters 9–11 threaten surrounding little nations that might harm the temple, and chapters 12–13 predict an upturn of fortunes for Jerusalem. Finally, chapter 14 portrays God as the protector of the returnees against all peoples who did not come to Jerusalem to worship God. In summary, Zechariah announces the need for Judah to repent from its sins, anticipates Jerusalem’s restitution, and counsels complete dependence on God instead of an army.

Soviet Science as a Social Project: Features and Stages of Construction (1917–1950s)

The concept of Soviet science was formed in many ways spontaneously. Initially, under the conditions of the Civil War, science was viewed by the Bolsheviks as a tool and a way to achieve political and military goals. But, as with other objects of social design — socialist economy, culture, education, etc. — they did not have clear ideas about socialist science. Only the opinion about the class character of bourgeois science and its role, subordinate to the interests of capital and the monarchy, was stable. Taking this factor into account, the attitude of the new government to various scientific areas was formed. The Bolsheviks had more confidence in the natural and technical sciences, the achievements of which were supposed to be “taken as they are passed on to us by the bourgeois heritage”. The social sciences and humanities were judged sharply critically as, on the whole, hostile to the socialist idea. The Soviet model of science finally took shape in the 1930s. It was distinguished by some specific features that largely determined its achievements and failures. These include a hierarchical, open-ended organisational structure that includes 3 sectors of science (departmental, academic and university). In addition, it is necessary to note such features of Soviet science as decentralisation, complete dependence on the state and the planning system. The tactics of state support for strategically important areas of science and the lack of alternative mechanisms for financing scientific research contributed to the rapid bureaucratisation of Soviet science, deformation of the structure of scientific knowledge (imbalance between the exact, natural, technical, social sciences and the humanities in terms of the pace and level of development) and the priority of applied research over fundamental. And one more feature is the strict ideological control of scientific knowledge, supplemented by repressions against “bourgeois” science and its representatives, as well as the prohibition (explicit and implicit) on direct contacts, which led to the isolation and low level of mobility of the scientific community.

Egypt’s tourism industry facing global challenges: from the Arab spring to the pandemic

In the article, the author examines the status of Egypt's tourism industry in 2011-2021. The critical importance of tourism is that this industry is one of the two main sources of foreign exchange in the country, along with income from the Suez Canal. A downturn in the tourism industry automatically threatens the existence of several million as jobs. The author identifies 3 critical points from which a sharp drop begins. The first point is the winter of 2010-2011. The unrest of the "Arab Spring" was accompanied by the leakage of large funds from the country, social chaos, and a decrease in the general level of security, which could not but frighten potential tourists. The next key point of the fall of the tourism industry in Egypt is the death of all passengers in the crash over the Sinai Peninsula of a Russian plane flying on the Sharm el-Sheikh - St. Petersburg route, and the subsequent complete ban on flights between Russia and Egypt. The third critical point was the beginning of the pandemic caused by COVID-19, officially announced by WHO on March 11, 2020, and, as a result, the almost complete closure of borders. Based on the analysis of statistical data from Egyptian and Western European sources, it is concluded that the indicators of the Egyptian tourism industry reflect both the trajectory of the country's political state and its almost complete dependence on the global health situation. It also concludes that the industry is extremely fragile, and the decision to partially reorient the industry towards domestic tourism, as well as receiving guests from neighboring Arab states, made in the period between the Arab Spring and the pandemic, was correct.

The Gender Politics of Plough: Asymmetrical Taboos and Santal Women

The article seeks to make a gendered study of the plough taboo, a prohibition confined only to women, in Santal society. In the light of a discussion on women-specific taboos and restrictions, their diverse interpretations, customary laws and Santal folktales, the article endeavours to explicate the deeply embedded nature of the taboo within Santal society and unravels the gender politics behind the ‘forbidden’ plough. It argues that such asymmetrical, female-only taboos are not mere symbolic expressions of a community’s belief system. They are veritable patriarchal controls meant to ensure the complete dependence of women over men. The article explores similar asymmetrical taboos in other societies to emphasize the point that such female-only taboos are associated with the crucial elements of one’s survival and hence are grave handicaps for women, in particular the single women. The taboos serve as effective tools to control and manipulate single women and their resources, which may, sometimes, be conveniently used to evict them from their property.

Introduction

Liberal political philosophers, including John Rawls, often ground their theories in a model of citizens as free and equal individuals engaging in cooperation with each other. In starting with that model of citizens, little attention is given to the reality of inevitable human dependence. We all begin our lives as infants in a state of complete dependence on others. Many of us will end our lives that way as well. For people with certain significant disabilities, this dependence may continue throughout life. In contemporary societies, the dependence experienced by some people with disabilities can result in substantial social disadvantages. Further, the disadvantages associated with dependency do not just impact the dependent, but also those who care for them. Caring for dependents involves personal and economic costs that can negatively affect caregivers’ ability to pursue their own opportunities or to exercise their rights. How ought our institutions be designed to ensure equal respect for those who are significantly dependent and for their caregivers?...

Methionine synthase is essential for cancer cell proliferation in physiological folate environments

ABSTRACTTargeting folate metabolism can be an effective way to treat cancer. The enzyme methionine synthase catalyzes a key reaction in both folate and methionine metabolism. Early work suggested that inhibiting methionine synthase might restrain tumor growth, though the mechanism remains unclear. We find that due to its specific role in processing folates, methionine synthase is required for cancer proliferation. However, widely used cell culture conditions obscure the proliferative and metabolic consequences of methionine synthase inhibition. Complete dependence on methionine synthase only arises when 5-methyl tetrahydrofolate, the major folate found in circulation, is the predominant folate source provided to cells. In these physiological folate conditions, methionine synthase activity is necessary to maintain intracellular levels of nucleotides, but not methionine. These data reveal that the extracellular environment can alter the essentiality of methionine synthase and suggest that this enzyme plays a crucial cell-autonomous role in supporting nucleotide synthesis and cell proliferation in physiological contexts.

The role of spatial dependence for large-scale flood risk estimation

Flood risk assessments are typically based on scenarios which assume homogeneous return periods of flood peaks throughout the catchment. This assumption is unrealistic for real flood events and may bias risk estimates for specific return periods. We investigate how three assumptions about the spatial dependence affect risk estimates: (i) spatially homogeneous scenarios (complete dependence), (ii) spatially heterogeneous scenarios (modelled dependence) and (iii) spatially heterogeneous but uncorrelated scenarios (complete independence). To this end, the model chain RFM (regional flood model) is applied to the Elbe catchment in Germany, accounting for the spatio-temporal dynamics of all flood generation processes, from the rainfall through catchment and river system processes to damage mechanisms. Different assumptions about the spatial dependence do not influence the expected annual damage (EAD); however, they bias the risk curve, i.e. the cumulative distribution function of damage. The widespread assumption of complete dependence strongly overestimates flood damage of the order of 100 % for return periods larger than approximately 200 years. On the other hand, for small and medium floods with return periods smaller than approximately 50 years, damage is underestimated. The overestimation aggravates when risk is estimated for larger areas. This study demonstrates the importance of representing the spatial dependence of flood peaks and damage for risk assessments.

The role of spatial dependence for large-scale flood risk estimation

Flood risk assessments are typically based on scenarios which assume homogeneous return periods of flood peaks throughout the catchment. This assumption is unrealistic for real flood events and may bias risk estimates for specific return periods. We investigate how three assumptions about the spatial dependence affect risk estimates: (i) spatially homogeneous scenarios (complete dependence), (ii) spatially heterogeneous scenarios (modelled dependence), and (iii) spatially heterogeneous, but uncorrelated scenarios (complete independence). To this end, the model chain RFM (Regional Flood Model) is applied to the Elbe catchment in Germany, accounting for the space-time dynamics of all flood generation processes, from the rainfall through catchment and river system processes to damage mechanisms. Different assumptions about the spatial dependence do not influence the expected annual damage (EAD), however, they bias the risk curve, i.e. the cumulative distribution function of damage. The widespread assumption of complete dependence strongly overestimates flood damage in the order of 100% for return periods larger than approximately 200 years. On the other hand, for small and medium floods with return periods smaller than approximately 50 years, damage is underestimated. The overestimation aggravates when risk is estimated for larger areas. This study demonstrates the importance of representing the spatial dependence of flood peaks and damage for risk assessments.