scholarly journals Linking Tissue Damage to Hyperspectral Reflectance for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Apple Fruit in Orchards

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Alexei Solovchenko ◽  
Alexei Dorokhov ◽  
Boris Shurygin ◽  
Alexandr Nikolenko ◽  
Vitaly Velichko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Tissue Damages ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Controlled Illumination ◽  
Point Type

Reflected light carries ample information about the biochemical composition, tissue architecture, and physiological condition of plants. Recent technical progress has paved the way for affordable imaging hyperspectrometers (IH) providing spatially resolved spectral information on plants on different levels, from individual plant organs to communities. The extraction of sensible information from hyperspectral images is difficult due to inherent complexity of plant tissue and canopy optics, especially when recorded under ambient sunlight. We report on the changes in hyperspectral reflectance accompanying the accumulation of anthocyanins in healthy apple (cultivars Ligol, Gala, Golden Delicious) fruits as well as in fruits affected by pigment breakdown during sunscald development and phytopathogen attacks. The measurements made outdoors with a snapshot IH were compared with traditional “point-type” reflectance measured with a spectrophotometer under controlled illumination conditions. The spectra captured by the IH were suitable for processing using the approaches previously developed for “point-type” apple fruit and leaf reflectance spectra. The validity of this approach was tested by constructing a novel index mBRI (modified browning reflectance index) for detection of tissue damages on the background of the anthocyanin absorption. The index was suggested in the form of mBRI = (R640−1 + R800−1) − R678−1. Difficulties of the interpretation of fruit hyperspectral reflectance images recorded in situ are discussed with possible implications for plant physiology and precision horticulture practices.

scholarly journals Linking Tissue Damage to Hyperspectral Reflectance for Non-Invasive Monitoring of Apple Fruit in Orchards

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Solovchenko ◽  
Alexei Dorokhov ◽  
Boris Shurygin ◽  
Alexandr Nikolenko ◽  
Vitaly Velichko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Grading Systems ◽  
Tissue Damages ◽  
Controlled Illumination ◽  
Insight Into

Reflected light carries ample information about biochemical composition, tissue architecture, and physiological condition of plants. Recent technical progress brought about affordable imaging hyperspectrometers (IH) providing spatially resolved spectral data on plants. The extraction of sensible information from hyperspectral reflectance images is difficult due to inherent complexity of plant tissue and canopy optics, especially when recorded by IH under ambient sunlight. We aimed at obtaining a deeper insight into plant optics as perceived by IH since there is a high demand for algorithms for fruit harvesting and grading systems equipped with computer vision and robotic systems capable of working in orchard. We report on the characteristic changes in hyperspectral reflectance accompanying the accumulation of anthocyanins in healthy fruit, pigment breakdown during sunscald and phytopathogen attacks. The measurements made outdoors with a snapshot IH were compared with traditional “point” reflectance measured with a conventional spectrophotometer under controlled illumination conditions. Most of the spectral features and patterns of plant reflectance were evident in the IH-derived reflectance images. As a step forward, a novel index for highlighting tissue damages on the background of the anthocyanin absorption, BRI-M = (1/Rorange – 1/Rred + 1/RNIR), is suggested. Difficulties of the interpretation of fruit hyperspectral reflectance images recorded in situ are discussed with possible implications for plant physiology and precision horticulture practices.

scholarly journals Enrichment of the Information Extracted From Hyperspectral Reflectance Images for Noninvasive Phenotyping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexei Solovchenko ◽  
Boris Shurygin ◽  
Andrey Kuzin ◽  
Vitaly Velichko ◽  
Olga Solovchenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Plant Traits ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Hyperspectral Reflectance ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Stress Acclimation ◽  
Secondary Carotenoids ◽  
As Stress ◽  
Reflectance Indices

Hyperspectral reflectance imaging is an emerging method for rapid non-invasive quantitative screening of plant traits. This method is essential for high-throughput phenotyping and hence for accelerated breeding of crop plants as well as for precision agriculture practices. However, extraction of sensible information from reflectance images is hindered by the complexity of plant optical properties, especially when they are measured in the field. We propose using reflectance indices (Plant Senescence Reflectance Index, PSRI; Anthocyanin Reflectance Index, ARI; and spectral deconvolution) previously developed for remote sensing of vegetation and point-based reflectometers to infer the spatially resolved information on plant development and biochemical composition using ripening apple fruit as the model. Specifically, the proposed approach enables capturing data on distribution of chlorophylls and primary carotenoids as well as secondary carotenoids (both linked with fruit ripening and leaf senescence during plant development) as well as the information on spatial distribution of anthocyanins (known as stress pigments) over the plant surface. We argue that the proposed approach would enrich the phenotype assessments made on the base of reflectance image analysis with valuable information on plant physiological condition, stress acclimation state, and the progression of the plant development.

Expression analysis of MYB genes in different apple cultivars with distinct coloration pattern during fruit maturation

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Emine Ece Mercan ◽  
Mehtap Şahin-Çevik
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Anthocyanin Biosynthesis ◽  
Red Light ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Anthocyanin Content ◽  
Fruit Maturation ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Abstract Anthocyanins are water-soluble pigments responsible for red, pink, purple or blue coloration in the flesh and/or skin of apple fruit. Since consumers prefer anthocyanin rich fruits due to their health benefits, anthocyanin content is an important trait for marketability of apples. Synthesis and accumulation of anthocyanins are controlled by environmental and genetic factors such as transcription factors (TFs). Two-repeat (R2R3) MYB TFs are involved in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in plants. In this study, the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes encoding R2R3 type MYB TFs were analyzed in apple cultivars with fruit skin color from green to dark red at different growth stages. Fruit samples were collected from “Scarlet Spur”, “Galaxy Gala”, Golden Delicious” “Granny Smith” apple cultivars with dark red, light red, yellow and green fruits, respectively, at four different time periods after full-bloom. Total RNA was isolated from the peel of the collected fruits and the expression of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR. The expression of the MdMYBA gene started to increase at 92 DAFB and thereafter in red-skin apples; however, no expression was observed at any time points in yellow or green-skin apple cultivars. On the other hand, the MdMYB3 gene was expressed in red-skin and yellow-skin apple cultivars starting at 55 DAFB, but no expression was observed in green apple cultivar at any time of fruit maturation. The expression levels of the MdMYBA and MdMYB3 genes varied in apple fruits with different skin coloration indicating that they play a role regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple cultivars during fruit maturation.

Optical characterization of silicon carbide polytypes

1996 ◽  
Vol 74 (S1) ◽  
pp. 225-232
Author(s):  
J. W. Bowron ◽  
S. Damaskinos ◽  
A. E. Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Collection Efficiency ◽  
Outer Edge ◽  
Crystal Defects ◽  
Grain Structure ◽  
Impurity Level ◽  
Deep Impurity ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Grain Orientations ◽  
Spectrally Resolved

A modified experimental scanning laser photoluminescence microscope was used to perform spatially and spectrally resolved measurements on a SiC sample. A scanning grating monochromator integrated into the detection arm of the microscope yielded a high photon collection efficiency at the detector. A cold-finger stage mounted directly onto the X-Y translation stages of the microscope allowed low-temperature PL measurements to be made. One object of the experiment was to test the hypothesis that spectrally and spatially resolved PL could be used to identify different polytypes associated with the grain structure observed in reflected light. Four different regions of the SiC sample were identified and three of these were correlated with low spatial resolution X-ray measurements and found to be polytypes 4H, 6H, and 33R–(α)SiC. Room-temperature photoluminescence was used to map the distribution of a deep impurity level and to map crystal defects. Reflected-light measurements were used to map different grain orientations of SiC. The sample was observed to be polycrystalline with most of the grains at the outer edge of the sample.

scholarly journals Study of Fitness, Virulence, and Fungicide Sensitivity of Lambertella corni-maris Causing Yellow Rot on Apple

Plant Disease ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 738-743
Author(s):  
Achour Amiri ◽  
Aaron W. Hawkins ◽  
Katie A. Mulvaney
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
The United States ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Postharvest Disease ◽  
Baseline Sensitivity ◽  
Fungicide Sensitivity ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Agar Media ◽  
Low Sensitivity

Very little is known about the biology, epidemiology, and best practices to manage Lambertella rot, a newly identified postharvest disease caused by Lambertella corni-maris on apples in the United States. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of L. corni-maris in 92 grower lots throughout Washington State in 2016, evaluated the effect of nutrient availability on L. corni-maris growth, and L. corni-maris sensitivity to pH, osmotic stress, and fungicides in vitro. We assessed pathogen aggressiveness on major apple cultivars and the efficacy of pre- and postharvest fungicides to control L. corni-maris on detached fruit. L. corni-maris was widespread and was found in 40% of the growers lots surveyed at frequencies ranging from 2 to 40% of the total decay. The fungus grew faster on acidic media such as apple juice agar and V8 agar media and was able to grow equally at pH values ranging from 3 to 7. L. corni-maris isolates showed relatively low sensitivity to osmotic stress and grew evenly at 1M KCl. All nine apple cultivars tested were susceptible to L. corni-maris, but the disease severity was significantly higher on some cultivars such as Honeycrisp, Piñata, and Gala. The baseline sensitivity of 100 L. corni-maris isolates was determined based on the effective concentration necessary to inhibit 50% mycelial growth (EC50) for fludioxonil, boscalid, pyraclostrobin + SHAM, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole. The respective mean EC50 values were 0.07, 0.84, 1.32, 2.45, and 3.68 µg/ml. Fludioxonil and pyrimethanil applied at label rates were the only fungicides able to control L. corni-maris effectively on detached apple fruit. This study is a first step toward understanding the eco-physiological requirements for L. corni-maris to survive and cause decay on apple, assessing potential shifts in fungicide sensitivity, and enhancing Lambertella rot management. We suggest “yellow rot” as the new common name for Lambertella rot.

scholarly journals Expression of Alpha-farnesene Synthase Gene AFS1 in Relation to Levels of Farnesene and Conjugated Trienols in Peel Tissue of Scald-susceptible `Law Rome' and Scald-resistant `Idared' Apple fruit

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 782B-782
Author(s):  
Steven W. Pechous ◽  
Bruce D. Whitaker* ◽  
Christopher B. Watkins
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Biosynthetic Pathway ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Oxidation Products ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Transcript Levels ◽  
Superficial Scald ◽  
Apple Peel ◽  
Apple Cultivars

Fruit of different apple cultivars vary widely in susceptibility to superficial scald. The genetic and biochemical factors involved in this variation are unknown. Conjugated trienol (CTol) oxidation products of alpha-farnesene have been linked with scald induction, and a high rate of farnesene synthesis in peel tissue of scald-prone apples early in storage is often associated with development of the disorder. Pre-storage treatment of apple fruit with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) inhibits the early burst of farnesene production and prevents scald, suggesting that ethylene induces transcription of genes involved in farnesene synthesis. We recently cloned a gene from apple peel tissue, AFS1, which encodes alpha-farnesene synthase, the last enzyme in the farnesene biosynthetic pathway. In this study, expression of AFS1 was compared in scaldsusceptible Law Rome (LR) and scald-resistant Idared (IR) apples at harvest and over 20 weeks of storage at 0.5 C. AFS1 transcript levels were closely correlated with accumulation of farnesene and CTols. In fruit of both cultivars, a sharp increase in AFS1 mRNA during the first 4 to 8 weeks of storage preceded a proportional rise in farnesene and a subsequent increase in CTols. However, maximum levels of AFS1 transcript, farnesene, and CTols were, respectively, 2.5-, 4-, and 33-fold greater in LR than in IR apples. Treatment of fruit with 1-MCP at harvest suppressed the increases in AFS1 transcript and farnesene early in storage, but AFS1 expression and farnesene synthesis recovered in LR fruit after 20 weeks. Scald incidence in LR apples after 20 weeks at 0.5 °C plus 1 week at 20 °C averaged 86%, whereas IR fruit had no scald. 1-MCP treatment reduced scald incidence in LR to <1%.

scholarly journals Laboratory effect of Boni Protect containing Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnoud in the control of some fungal diseases of apple fruit

2013 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Wagner ◽  
Beata Hetman ◽  
Marek Kopacki ◽  
Agnieszka Jamiołkowska ◽  
Paweł Krawiec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aureobasidium Pullulans ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Penicillium Expansum ◽  
Blue Mold ◽  
Monilinia Fructigena ◽  
Control Product ◽  
Grey Mold ◽  
Apple Cultivars

The efficacy of <em>Aureobasidium pullulans </em>(in the biopreparation Boni Protect) against different pathogens of apples (<em>Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia fructigena, Penicillium expansum, </em>and <em>Pezicula malicorticis</em>) was evaluated under laboratory con- ditions. The biocontrol product was applied at concentrations of 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.5%. Fruits of apple cultivars 'Jonagold Decosta' and 'Pinova' were used. Boni Protect was very effective against <em>B. cinerea </em>on cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', reducing disease incidence by 55–83.8%. On 'Pinova' apples, this biological control product was the most efficient at earlier stages of the experiment. It inhibited grey mold by 65% after 5 days from inoculation and only by 14% after 20 days. On cv. 'Jonagold Decosta', Boni Protect at a concentration of 0.1% was also effective against <em>M. fructigena</em>, reducing brown rot by 31.4–74.5%, but its efficiency on cv. 'Pinova' was not significant. Blue mold caused by <em>P. expansum </em>was inhibited only slightly by the biocontrol product, while <em>P. malicorticis </em>proved to be the most resistant to its antagonistic abilities.

scholarly journals Physiological Factors Affecting Biennial Bearing in Tree Fruit: The Role of Seeds in Apple

1999 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank G. Dennis ◽  
John C. Neilsen
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Hypothesis ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Physiological Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Relevant Evidence ◽  
Tree Fruit ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Concentrations

The evidence for several hypotheses regarding the mechanism(s) controlling biennial bearing in apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) are reviewed, citing relevant evidence from work with citrus (Citrus sp.) species and pear (Pyrus communis L.). The view that flowering is inhibited by withdrawal of nutrients, primarily carbohydrates, by apple fruit is questionable, given the effects of seed development in inhibiting flowering in facultatively parthenocarpic (normally seedless) apple cultivars. The hypothesis that seeds inhibit flowering by exporting hormones, chiefly gibberellins (GAs), is an attractive one, given a) the effects of application of GAs in inhibiting flowering and b) the high concentrations of GAs in seeds. However, an alternative hypothesis, namely that seeds compete with apices for hormones that are required for flowering, is equally tenable.

scholarly journals 301 Bioregulators Affect Apple Yield and Quality Attributes

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 494D-494
Author(s):  
George Ouma ◽  
Frank Matta
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Set ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Quality Attributes ◽  
Apple Fruit ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fruit Length ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
High Yields

Experiments were conducted in 1995 and 1996 to investigate the effect of Accel and Carbaryl sprayed 2 weeks postbloom on apple fruit yield and quality and to relate the degree of fruit set reduction to the yield of three apple cultivars (Empire, Jon-A-Red, and Braeburn). The treatments consisted of Accel 25 ppm, Accel 50 ppm, Accel 75 ppm, Carbaryl 0.05%, Carbaryl 0.1%, Carbaryl 0.2%, and an unsprayed control. Trials conducted over the 2 years indicated that Accel and Carbaryl reduced the fruit set of three apple cultivars as shown by the lower number of fruit per limb cross-sectional area on the sprayed trees compared to the unsprayed trees. Most effective concentrations in reducing the fruit set on apples were Accel 50 ppm, Accel 75 ppm, Carbary 0.01%, and Carbaryl 0.2%, with high yields and high fruit rates. Therefore, it was concluded that these are the best concentrations for thinning of apples. Other quality attributes, such as pH, sugar content, and percent fruit red were also increased by the treatments. The treatments did not influence the number of seeds in the fruit, fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit length: diameter ratio.

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