Retrieving Mobile Phone Information Based on Digital Search Tree

The current study primarily aims to develop a dictionary system for tracing mobile phone numbers for call centers of mobile communication companies. This system tries to save the numbers using a digital search tree in order to make the processes of searching and retrieving customers’ information easier and faster. Several shrubs that represent digits of the total phone numbers will be built through following the phone number digits to be added to the dictionary, with the owner name being at the last node in the tree. Thus, by such searching process, every phone number can be tracked digit-by-digit according to a required path inside its tree, until reaching the leaf. Then, the value stored in the node, that represents the name of phone number’s owner, is returned. Consequently, the amount of memory required to store data will be reduced and data retrieval will be faster.

Introduction

This chapter begins by analyzing how Google, Apple, Facebook, Amazon, and Microsoft (GAFAM), along with Alibaba and Tencent from China, dominate and monopolize global markets. It highlights the giant corporations’ control on digital search, digital advertising, cloud infrastructure, social media, digital messaging, mobile operating systems, and other digital markets. It also mentions the internet that enabled a paradigm shift in the development of capitalism and the global concentration of capital. The chapter details how the internet has upset previous institutional balances in liberal democracy by increasing inequality and undermining established news and information ecologies. It points out the realization of citizens of democracies that the free circulation of information, democratic decision-making, and the nature of human autonomy will be increasingly compromised if the digital status quo is allowed to continue.

Сombating unfair registrations and using means of individualization in the conditions of digital transformation

Key words: intellectual property, unfair competition, means of individualization, valuation,squatter, losses, digital transformation, artificial intelligence The article examines the economic, legal and institutional aspects of combating unfair registration and use ofmeans of individualization (trademarks, brand names, geographical indications, domainnames) in the context of digital transformation. The formation of theoretical and methodologicaland methodological foundations for the protection of the rights of their owners,improving the efficiency of experts of intellectual property agencies, law enforcementagencies, tools for digital search and use of artificial intelligence (AI) to ensure the effectivenessof the institution of individualization. The economic and legal aspects of foreign(in the jurisdictions of China, USA, EU) and domestic legislative and law enforcementpractices to combat the phenomenon of unfair registration and use of personalization,digital search tools and the use of AI are analyzed. It is shown that over the next fiveyears, 30 to 50% of product searches will be by voice rather than text, so the impact of AIon the way a product is purchased will have significant economic and legal implicationsfor individualization legislation. The means of counteracting unscrupulous applicants inthe USA have been studied. The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) has developedrules under which foreign applicants and trademark owners must be representedby a U.S. licensed attorney when filing trademark applications with the USPTO. Emphasisis placed on the introduction of legislative liability of e-commerce platforms forcounterfeit goods. The analysis of the last changes in the legislation of Ukraine on protectionof trade marks is carried out. It is shown that the new rules change the approachesto registration and protection of trademarks, create the possibility of their fair use.Digitalization, transition to e-document circulation in the Customs Register, improvementof the procedure for destruction of counterfeit goods are important anti-corruptionsteps in the activities of Ukrainian customs in the context of digital transformation of theeconomy.

Сombating unfair registrations and using means of individualization in the conditions of digital transformation

Key words: intellectual property, unfair competition, means of individualization, valuation,squatter, losses, digital transformation, artificial intelligence The article examines the economic, legal and institutional aspects of combating unfair registration and useof means of individualization (trademarks, brand names, geographical indications,domain names) in the context of digital transformation. The formation of theoreticaland methodological and methodological foundations for the protection of the rights oftheir owners, improving the efficiency of experts of intellectual property agencies, lawenforcement agencies, tools for digital search and use of artificial intelligence (AI) toensure the effectiveness of the institution of individualization. The economic and legalaspects of foreign (in the jurisdictions of China, USA, EU) and domestic legislativeand law enforcement practices to combat the phenomenon of unfair registration anduse of personalization, digital search tools and the use of AI are analyzed. It is shownthat over the next five years, 30 to 50% of product searches will be by voice ratherthan text, so the impact of AI on the way a product is purchased will have significanteconomic and legal implications for individualization legislation. The means of counteractingunscrupulous applicants in the USA have been studied. The U.S. Patentand Trademark Office (USPTO) has developed rules under which foreign applicantsand trademark owners must be represented by a U.S. licensed attorney when filingtrademark applications with the USPTO. Emphasis is placed on the introduction oflegislative liability of e-commerce platforms for counterfeit goods. The analysis of thelast changes in the legislation of Ukraine on protection of trade marks is carried out.It is shown that the new rules change the approaches to registration and protection oftrademarks, create the possibility of their fair use. Digitalization, transition to e-documentcirculation in the Customs Register, improvement of the procedure for destructionof counterfeit goods are important anti-corruption steps in the activities ofUkrainian customs in the context of digital transformation of the economy.

Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review

Fluorides are compounds that can be found in the minerals of soil with volcanic rocks. Different populations are exposed to high levels of fluorides through drinking water that, due to their chronic intake, cause several types of damage to health. Nails and hair, denominated as recent biomarkers, have been employed for monitoring systemic fluoride from long-term exposure to fluorides. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the use of recent biomarkers for monitoring systemic fluoride levels in exposed populations and verify their validity in the measurement of the fluorine (F−) concentration within the body. A digital search was performed in the databases PubMed/Medline, Springer Link, Cochrane, and Scopus of original articles that employed recent biomarkers for monitoring systemic F−. Seventeen articles were included in this analysis; the recorded variables were the F− amount in each assessed biomarker, source of exposure, and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI). TDFI was associated with F− in nails and hair, as well as the exposure through drinking water. In conclusion, recent biomarkers are adequate for monitoring the systemic fluoride levels by evaluating the chronic/subchronic exposure through different sources, mainly drinking water, considering nails better than hair for this purpose.

Identifying patients who could benefit from palliative care by making use of the general practice information system: the Surprise Question versus the SPICT

Objective We compared the performance of two tools to help general practitioners (GPs) identify patients in need of palliative care: the Surprise Question (SQ) and the Supportive and Palliative Care Indicators Tool (SPICT). Methods Prospective cohort study in two general practices in the Netherlands with a size of 3640 patients. At the start of the study the GPs selected patients by heart using the SQ. The SPICT was translated into a digital search in electronic patient records. The GPs then selected patients from the list thus created. Afterwards the GPs were interviewed about their experiences. The following year a record was kept of all the patients deceased in both practices. We analysed the characteristics of the patients selected and the deceased. We calculated the performance characteristics concerning predicting 1-year mortality. Results The sensitivity of the SQ was 50%, of the SPICT 57%; the specificity 99% and 98%. When analysing the deceased (n = 36), 10 died relatively suddenly and arguably could not be identified. Leaving out these 10, the sensitivity of the SQ became 69%, of the SPICT 81%. The GPs found the performance of the digital search quite time consuming. Conclusion The SPICT seems to be better in identifying patients in need of palliative care than the SQ. It is also more time consuming than the SQ. However, as the digital search can be performed more easily after it has been done for the first time, initial investments can repay themselves.