scholarly journals Recent Biomarkers for Monitoring the Systemic Fluoride Levels in Exposed Populations: A Systematic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 317
Author(s):  
Jesús Lavalle-Carrasco ◽  
Nelly Molina-Frechero ◽  
Martina Nevárez-Rascón ◽  
Leonor Sánchez-Pérez ◽  
Aida Hamdan-Partida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
The Body ◽  
Subchronic Exposure ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Different Sources ◽  
Digital Search ◽  
Better Than

Fluorides are compounds that can be found in the minerals of soil with volcanic rocks. Different populations are exposed to high levels of fluorides through drinking water that, due to their chronic intake, cause several types of damage to health. Nails and hair, denominated as recent biomarkers, have been employed for monitoring systemic fluoride from long-term exposure to fluorides. The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review of the use of recent biomarkers for monitoring systemic fluoride levels in exposed populations and verify their validity in the measurement of the fluorine (F−) concentration within the body. A digital search was performed in the databases PubMed/Medline, Springer Link, Cochrane, and Scopus of original articles that employed recent biomarkers for monitoring systemic F−. Seventeen articles were included in this analysis; the recorded variables were the F− amount in each assessed biomarker, source of exposure, and total daily fluoride intake (TDFI). TDFI was associated with F− in nails and hair, as well as the exposure through drinking water. In conclusion, recent biomarkers are adequate for monitoring the systemic fluoride levels by evaluating the chronic/subchronic exposure through different sources, mainly drinking water, considering nails better than hair for this purpose.

ANALYSIS OF ABDOMINAL TYPHOID INCIDENCE IN THE SOUTH REGION OF THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-48
Author(s):  
Zakirova J.S. ◽  
Nadirbekova R.A. ◽  
Zholdoshev S.T.
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
The Body ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Radiation Factor ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Immunological Deficiency

The article analyze the long-term morbidity, spread of typhoid fever in the southern regions of the Kyrgyz republic, and remains a permanent epidemic focus in the Jalal-Abad region, where against the low availability of the population to high-quality drinking water, an additional factor on the body for more than two generations and radiation factor, which we confirmed by the spread among the inhabitants of Mailuu-Suu of nosological forms of the syndrome of immunological deficiency, as a predictor of risk groups for infectious diseases, including typhoid fever.

Transplacental Toxicity and Carcinogenesis Studies in Rats with Hexamethylenetetramine

1970 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 325-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Della Porta ◽  
José R. Cabral ◽  
Giorgio Parmiani
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Body ◽  
Carcinogenic Activity ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
And Control

In a previous paper (Fd Cosmet. Toxicol., 6: 707–715, 1968) it was reported that hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) had no carcinogenic activity in long-term experiments in mice and rats. In the present study, 12 ♀ and 6 ♂ Wistar rats were given 1% HMT in the drinking water starting 2 weeks before mating. The females were kept under treatment during pregnancy and lactation. A similar untreated group of 12 ♀ and 6 ♂ served as control. Twelve treated females and eleven controls became pregnant and gave birth to 124 and 118 babies respectively; no malformations were noted. From these animals, 24 for each sex were continued on the 1% HMT up to the 20th week of age or were kept untreated. The body weight of treated animals was significantly lower than that of controls one, only up to the 9th week of age for the males and up to the 13th week for the females. At the end of the treatment both groups were sacrificed; the weight of organs was identical in the treated and control animals; there were no gross or histological pathology. In a second experiment, rats were given 1% HMT in the drinking water for 3 successive generations, up to the age of 40 weeks in the F1 and F2 groups and of 20 weeks for F3. The three groups were composed of 13 ♂ and 7 ♀, 15 ♂ and 11 ♀, 12 ♂ and 12 ♂, respectively. In addition, a group of 16 ♂ and 16 ♀ descendants of 2% HMT treated parents, were given 2% HMT for 50 weeks. A group of 48 ♂ and 48 ♀ served as untreated controls. All groups were kept under observation for over 2 years of age. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in any of the HMT-treated groups.

scholarly journals Toenail as a biomarker of heavy metal exposure via drinking water: a systematic review

2014 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak ◽  
Sarva Mangala Praveena ◽  
Zailina Hashim
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Metal Accumulation ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Heavy Metal Exposure ◽  
Concentration Data

AbstractToenail is metabolic end product of the skin, which can provide information about heavy metal accumulation in human cells. Slow growth rates of toenail can represent heavy metal exposure from 2 to 12 months before the clipping. The toenail is a non-invasive biomarker that is easy to collect and store and is stable over time. In this systematic review, the suitability of toenail as a long-term biomarker was reviewed, along with the analysis and validation of toenail and confounders to heavy metal. This systematic review has included 30 articles chosen from a total of 132 articles searched from online electronic databases like Pubmed, Proquest, Science Direct, and SCOPUS. Keywords used in the search included “toenail”, “biomarker”, “heavy metal”, and “drinking water”. Heavy metal in toenail can be accurately analyzed using an ICP-MS instrument. The validation of toenail heavy metal concentration data is very crucial; however, the Certified Reference Material (CRM) for toenail is still unavailable. Usually, CRM for hair is used in toenail studies. Confounders that have major effects on heavy metal accumulation in toenail are dietary intake of food and supplement, smoking habit, and overall health condition. This review has identified the advantages and limitations of using toenail as a biomarker for long-term exposure, which can help future researchers design a study on heavy metal exposure using toenail.

scholarly journals What are the long-term symptoms and complications of COVID-19: a protocol for a living systematic review

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1455
Author(s):  
Melina Michelen ◽  
Louise Sigfrid ◽  
Lakshmi Manoharan ◽  
Natalie Elkheir ◽  
Claire Hastie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Duration Of Symptoms ◽  
Persistent Symptoms ◽  
New Evidence

Although the majority of patients with COVID-19 will experience mild to moderate symptoms and will recover fully, there is now increasing evidence that a significant proportion will experience persistent symptoms for weeks or months after the acute phase of the illness. These symptoms include, among others, fatigue, problems in breathing, lack of smell and taste, headaches, and also depression and anxiety. It has also become clear that the virus has lasting effects not only on the respiratory system but also on other parts of the body, including the heart, liver, and the nervous system. In this paper we present a protocol for a living systematic review that aims to synthesize the evidence on the prevalence and duration of symptoms and clinical features of post-acute COVID-19 and its long-term complications. The living systematic review will be updated regularly, initially monthly with update cycles under continuous review as the pace of new evidence generated develops through the pandemic. We will include studies that follow up with COVID-19 patients who have experienced persistent mild, moderate or severe symptoms, with no restrictions regarding country, setting, or language. We will use descriptive statistics to analyse the data and our findings will be presented as infographics to facilitate transcription to lay audiences. Ultimately, we aim to support the work of policy makers, practitioners, and patients when planning rehabilitation for those recovering from COVID-19. The protocol has been registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020211131, 25/09/2020).

scholarly journals Long-term Effect of Water Pollutants (Heavy Metals) on the Morphofunctional State of the Adult Rat's Pituitary Gland

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 172-178
Author(s):  
N. B. Hryntsova ◽  
◽  
A. M. Romanyuk
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Structural Components ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Experimental Group

In some northern regions of Ukraine there is an increased accumulation of salts of heavy metals in soil and drinking water, which negatively affect the health of the population and become a risk factor for many diseases. The role of the pituitary gland in the regulation of functional disorders of hormonal homeostasis in various pathological conditions is extremely important. The purpose of the study is to study the morphological, morphometric and biochemical rearrangements of the structural components of the adenohypophysis of adult male rats under conditions of long-term exposure to salts of heavy metals. Materials and methods. The experiment was performed on 24 white adult male rats, which were divided into 1 control and 1 experimental group. The experimental group consisted of rats, which for 90 days consumed ordinary drinking water, saturated with a combination of salts of heavy metals: zinc (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) – 5 mg/l, copper (CuSO4 · 5H2O) – 1 mg/l, iron (FeSO4) – 10 mg/l, manganese (MnSO4 · 5H2O) – 0.1 mg/l, lead (Pb (NO3) 2) – 0.1 mg/l and chromium (K2Cr2O7) – 0.1 mg/l. Results and discussion. Long-term effects on the body of experimental animals of salts of heavy metals caused a pronounced compensatory-adaptive changes in the pituitary gland of experimental animals of hypoxic nature. Morphological changes in the organ were accompanied by plethora of venous bed, deterioration of rheological properties of blood, increase in the area of connective tissue component of the gland, violation of histoarchitectonics of epithelial trabeculae, edema in the parenchyma, increase in linear indicators of the pituitary gland. Toxic effects of salts of heavy metals negatively affected the cellular composition of the adenohypophysis: there was an increase in the number of chromophobes and a decrease in the number of chromophilic acidophiles and basophils compared with control animals. At the same time, the increase in linear parameters, area of nuclei and cytoplasm of adenocytes can be attributed both to their compensatory hypertrophy and due to edema processes in the gland caused by deepening hypoxic effects and impaired blood flow from the organ as a result of venous plethora. Conclusion. Morphometric and biochemical parameters of the structural components of the anterior lobe of the adenohypophysis at 90 days of exposure to salts of heavy metals, of course, indicate a significant stress of adaptive processes by the adenohypophysis in response to stressors (salts of heavy metals)

scholarly journals Ultrasonido para la valoración del contenido gástrico: revisión sistemática de la literatura

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-503
Author(s):  
Darío Fernando Ortega Vallejo ◽  
Andrés Felipe Erazo Narvaez ◽  
León Santiago Díez Chamorro ◽  
Daniela Suárez Rodríguez ◽  
Jamer Armando Campo Sánchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Revisión Sistemática ◽  
Gastric Contents ◽  
Quantitative Characteristics ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Characteristics

Pneumonic aspiration of gastric contents is an important complication of anesthetic practice. : To determine the applicability of ultrasound for the assessment of the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of gastric contents. : A systematic review was carried out, based on a structured search of the literature published in the databases: Pubmed, EMBASE, SciELO, Cochrane Library, OVID and Google Scholar, from the foundation of these until December 2018 Boolean connectors were used to locate information from the terms: anesthesiology, ultrasonography, gastrointestinal Contents. The quality of the information was assessed using different tools according to each type of study. : We found 23 relevant studies for inclusion in the systematic review. The overall risk of bias was low. : Gastric ultrasound seems to correspond to a tool that is easy to perform at the patient’s bedside, but there is uncertainty about its applicability in uncontrolled settings, different from those applied in the studies described in this review. More research is needed with different populations and scenarios, in favor of establishing the behavior in these, of the variables that can be determined by ultrasound. The implications for clinical practice and long-term outcomes may have the measurements achieved by ultrasound are still uncertain.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Nebulised Tobramycin in Cystic Fibrosis Management: A Systematic Review

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
G. T. Olowe
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Routes Of Administration ◽  
Pulmonary Functions ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Review Study

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a progressive clinical condition associated with decreased functionality of glands that produce mucus, sweat, and intestinal secretions. CF is one of the most common recessive genetic diseases that affect all ethnic groups without any known identified cure, having variations in the severity of symptoms. In the treatment and management of CF, The choice and routes of administration of antibiotics taken is important in assessing effectiveness at different populations. In the light of this, current study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of Nebulised Tobramycin (NT) in the treatment of mild to moderate CF within 8years study period. Study was achieved by searching known repositories and electronic databases of various sources. Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) that compares patients treated on NT and placebo were selected, including six (6) RCTs comprising 609 participants to the review. Study noticed significant clinical and methodological heterogeneity among trials with NT, varying over a total of 8years study period. Also, there were recorded evidences of improvement in pulmonary function in most of the patients, following completion of the study. This review revealed inconclusive evidence in the efficacy of NT in the treatment of mild to moderate CF. It is thus clear, that long term use of NT in mild to moderate CF can provide sustained improvements in pulmonary functions.

scholarly journals Long-term efficacy of gliflozins versus gliptins for Type 2 Diabetes after metformin failure: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 458-465
Author(s):  
Renato Wilberto Zilli ◽  
Chennyfer Dobbins Abi Rached ◽  
Fabiano Pinheiro da Silva ◽  
Renato Corrêa Baena
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Missing Data ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Term Efficacy ◽  
One Year ◽  
Better Than

SUMMARY After metformin failure in treatment for diabetes type 2, there is no trivial option for adjuvant medication. The last two oral class medications, gliflozins and gliptins, have different mechanisms of action but have never been compared in long run studies. The aim of the present meta-analysis is to assess the overall long-term efficacy of these drugs after metformin failure. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed, including all trials with a duration of over 2 years, comparing gliflozins or gliptins after metformin failure in type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: Pubmed (Medline), Embase, Lilacs, and the Cochrane Library from inception through July 2016 without language restrictions. The longest study period found in the literature was 4 years. We selected 1 article on empagliflozin, 1 on dapagliflozin, and 1 on saxagliptin with missing data. After one year of treatment, over 50% of the patients presented HbA1c > 7%. Efficacy rate after 4 years of empagliflozin (23%) was better than dapagliflozin (5%) and saxagliptin (7%); however, it presented statistically non-significant values for HbA1c (7.4 and 7.3% between gliflozins), and missing data for saxaglifozin. Nonetheless, empagliflozin performed better than glimepiride in the 4-year period (standardized mean difference SMD 0.4, confidence interval CI 95% 0.23 to 0.56). The failure of the secondary treatment using gliflozins occurs in less than one year of treatment (less than 50% of the patients presenting HbA1c > 7 %). Empagliflozin offered better glycemic control compared to sulfonylureas but was similar to dapagliflozin.

scholarly journals Metabolomic signatures after bariatric surgery – a systematic review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matilde Vaz ◽  
Sofia S. Pereira ◽  
Mariana P. Monteiro
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Diabetes Remission ◽  
The Body ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Remission ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractMetabolomics emerged as an important tool to gain insights on how the body responds to therapeutic interventions. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity and obesity-related co-morbidities. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the available data on metabolomics profiles that characterize patients submitted to different bariatric surgery procedures, which could be useful to predict clinical outcomes including weight loss and type 2 diabetes remission. For that, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses - PRISMA guidelines were followed. Data from forty-seven original study reports addressing metabolomics profiles induced by bariatric surgery that met eligibility criteria were compiled and summarized. Amino acids, lipids, energy-related and gut microbiota-related were the metabolite classes most influenced by bariatric surgery. Among these, higher pre-operative levels of specific lipids including phospholipids, long-chain fatty acids and bile acids were associated with post-operative T2D remission. As conclusion, metabolite profiling could become a useful tool to predict long term response to different bariatric surgery procedures, allowing more personalized interventions and improved healthcare resources allocation.

scholarly journals QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS OF NITRATES IN URINE AND N-NITROSODIMETHYLAMINE IN BLOOD AS MARKERS OF THE ORAL EXPOSURE TO NITRATES INTRODUCED WITH DRINKING WATER

2018 ◽  
Vol 97 (11) ◽  
pp. 1087-1092
Author(s):  
N. V. Zaitseva ◽  
T. S. Ulanova ◽  
Tatyana V. Nurislamova ◽  
N. A. Popova ◽  
O. A. Maltseva
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Oral Exposure ◽  
Target Area ◽  
Nitrate Level ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Comparison Area ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Detector

Introduction. The nitrate entry into the body with drinking water might lead to endogenous nitrotyrosine and N-nitrosamine formation. The study aims to prove quantitative measurement of N-nitrosodimethylamine in blood and nitrates in urine as markers of the exposure to nitrates entering the body with drinking water. Material and methods. Analysis of blood samples for N-nitrosodimethylamine was carried out using Agilent gas chromatograph with quadrupole mass spectrometric detector. When preparing blood samples, an automatic system for solid extraction Sepaths was used. Studies of urine samples for nitrates were carried out using the system of capillary electrophoresis “Kapel”. The target audience includes two groups. Children consuming drinking water with nitrate level exceeding hygienic norm by 1.2 times and N-nitrosodimethylamine level exceeding by 1.6 times. The second group included children consuming drinking water of satisfactory quality. The establishment of cause-effect relationships is carried out using the package of applied programs Statistica 6.0. Results. The nitrate level in drinking water of target area was 51.7 mg/dm3, what is by 4.7 times higher than in comparison area of 10.9 mg/dm3. The N-nitrosodimethylamine level was at the level of 0.016 mg/dm3, which is by 2.5 higher than in the comparison area of 0.0065 mg/dm3. Discussion. The long-term exposure to nitrate and N-nitrosodimethylamine in the drinking water was found out to form in the children’s blood of first group the N-nitrosodimethylamine accounted of 0.0045±0.0014 mg/dm3 i.e. by 1.5 times higher in comparison with the second group (0.003±0.0009 mg/dm3). In the urine of children from the first group, the nitrates were by 1.5 times more than in the urine of children in the second group. Experimental studies proved that the concentration of nitrates in the urine and N-nitrosodimethylamine in the blood might be considered as markers of the oral exposure and correspond to the permitted level for nitrates in the urine of 43.7 mg/dm3 and N-nitrosodimethylamine in the blood of 0.003 mg/dm3 when nitrate concentration in drinking water is from of 45-51.7 mg/dm3 and N-nitrosodimethylamine from of 0.01-0.016 mg/dm3.

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