Efficiency Analysis of Macedonian and Croatian Banking Sectors with DEA

The aim of this paper is to measure the relative efficiency of commercial banks in two developing countries, the Republic of North Macedonia and the Republic of Croatia under the operating (incomebased) approach by using the leading non-parametric methodology data envelopment analysis (DEA). We follow Banker et al. (2010) in the selection of the approach, variables (two inputs: interest expense and other operating expense, and two outputs: interest revenue and other operating revenue) and the model (output-oriented BCC DEA model) as in their first stage. The observed period is five years (2015-2019) and we use a balanced panel data for both samples (total of 65 Macedonian and 100 Croatian bank-year observations). Outliers are identified and excluded by using the Banker and Gifford (1988) super-efficiency procedure, and the BCC output-oriented model is rerun for both samples (total 55 Macedonian and 95 Croatian bank-year observations). We provide relative efficiency scores for each bank in both sectors, as well as an average score for the banking sectors. In addition, we analyse few banks for both sectors that have decreased or increased the efficiency, or show variable results over time. Besides, we explain how inefficient banks can improve the efficiency in future by setting targets for improvement. Our study provides valuable information for banking management and regulatory bodies.

Financial Leverage and Performance of the Energy and Petroleum Sector Companies Listed in the Nairobi Securities Exchange

Financial leverage and financial performance are fundamental issues in corporate finance. In Kenya, some companies listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange have had performance improvement. However, most of them have experienced declining fortunes which has been attributed to the fact that corporate managers another practitioner lack adequate guidance required to attain optimal financing decisions. Financial leverage comprises of loans and other forms of debts where the proceeds from these loans are reinvested to earn higher return than the cost of loans. Financial use is the company's capacity to utilization of settled money related charges to amplify the impacts of changes in the profit before premium and duty on the company's income per share. The extent of obligation to value is a vital decision for corporate supervisors. The poor performance of Energy and Petroleum sector companies is of great concern. Financial leverage ranges from debt ratio, debt/equity ratio and interest coverage ratio which are vital since they directly affect the financial performance of firms. The general objective as to determine the effect of financial leverage on the financial performance of energy and petroleum sector companies listed in the NSE. While the specific objectives were; to establish the effect of debt ratio, debt -equity ratio and interest coverage ratio on financial performance of energy and petroleum sector companies recorded in the NSE. The research was anchored on the following theories: Modigliani-Miller theorem, Pecking Order Theory and Trade-off Theory. The empirical literature review was based on the three objectives of the study and gaps established. The study adopted a descriptive research design. Management of all the 5 energy and petroleum companies listed with the NSE was involved in the study which mainly used secondary data to conclude. Data was analyzed using regression analysis. Analyzed data was presented using tables. Confidence interval of 95% was used by the researcher. The study adopted a multiple regression model (Y = β0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X3 +ε). The findings indicate that the independent variables Debt ratio, Debt to Equity ratio and interest cover ratio affected the financial performance of the firms in the Energy and petroleum sector. Their effect was up to 75.4%. Debt ratio and Debt to Equity ratio had a positive relationship whereas Interest cover ratio had a negative relationship to the firms in the Energy and petroleum sector listed in the NSE. This study recommends that the firms handle their capital structure decisions prudently as the changes in the factors like Debt ratio, Debt to Equity ratio and Interest cover ratio enhance profitability of firms when prudently employed and hence affect the performance of Energy and petroleum firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange. This study also recommends that firms control the amount of interest expense since an increase in interest expense has an effect in that it reduces the financial performance of firms in the Energy and petroleum sector listed in the NSE.

Analisa Perbandingan Kesehatan Bank Menggunakan Metode Camels

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan antara tingkat kesehatan bank konvensional dan bank syariah pada periode 2015-2019. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode CAMELS yang terdiri dari Capital, Asset, Management, Earnings, Liquidity dan Sensitivity to Market Risk agar mengetahui bagaimana kondisi kesehatan suatu bank tersebut. Pada aspek permodalan menggunakan rasio Capital Adequacy Ratio, Non Performing Loan mewakili aspek aset, Net Profit Margin mewakili aspek manajemen, Return On Assets, Return On Equity, Biaya Operasional dan Pendapatan Operasional mewakili aspek rentabilitas, Loan To Deposit Ratio mewakili aspek likuiditas dan Interest Expense Ratio mewakili aspek sensitivitas terhadap risiko pasar. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak SPSS 16. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah data sekunder. Teknik pengambilan sampelnya menggunakan purposive sampling. Metode pengumpulan datanya adalah data sekunder. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini merupakan data – data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui situs Bursa Efek Indonesia dan situs resmi setiap sampel bank yaitu berupa laporan keuangan perusahaan selama 5 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan uji normalitas dan uji beda atau analisis perbandingan Independent Sample T-test untuk analisis statistik dan uji hipotesis. Hasil analisis ini menemukan tidak terdapat perbedaan antara tingkat kesehatan bank konvensional dan syariah pada rasio Capital Adequacy Ratio, Loan To Deposit Ratio dan Interest Expense Ratio, namun terdapat perbedaan pada rasio Non Performing Loan, Net Profit Margin, Return On Assets, Return On Equity, dan Biaya Operasional dan Pendapatan Operasional. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa bank konvensional memiliki kondisi kesehatan yang lebih baik dibandingkan bank syariah selama periode 2015-2019.

DEBT AND TAXES

The federal income tax conceptualizes the standard loan transaction as an exchange of cash for promises to pay interest and to repay the amount borrowed by the end of the term. This formulation is subtly incorrect in ways that have led to a weaker foundation for existing tax rules than they merit. Conceptualizing loans instead as closely akin to leases places most of the tax rules for debt on sounder footing because it clarifies that interest is the consideration paid for the use of the loan proceeds. If interest is the cost of the use of money, then simple borrowing is a fully-paid-for transaction, full basis credit in the loan proceeds for the period for which interest is paid is appropriate, and cancellation of debt is a straightforward accession to wealth in the period in which it occurs. These conclusions hold whether the interest is deductible or not and are consistent with current law, which has come under fire from some quarters.Although the proposed reconceptualization of loan as lease supports a number of longstanding income tax rules, one area in which it counsels significant reform is the taxation of partnerships. If loans are like cash leases made in exchange for interest qualifying as rent, Treasury should provide for the allocation of basis credit among partners for the partnership’s debt based on who bears the economic burden of the interest expense. The rule should apply regardless of whether the debt is recourse or nonrecourse and regardless of who would have discharge of indebtedness income on default. Such an approach differs markedly from the existing rules for recourse obligations but is closer to the rules for certain nonrecourse obligations. A modification of the rules applicable to partnership debt consistent with the loan-as-lease theory, therefore, would remove a significant discontinuity in the current tax treatment of partnership debt.

Pengaruh informasi akuntansi biaya terhadap nilai perusahaan serta implikasinya terhadap tanggungjawab perusahaan kepada stakeholder

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence regarding the effect of cost accounting information on firm value and its implications for corporate responsibility to stakeholders. This research was conducted at consumer goods industrial sector companies listed on the IDX. The sample in this study consisted of 18 companies for 5 years, so that the data processed in this study were 90 data. Data analysis techniques using path analysis. The results showed that the indirect effect of the variable production costs on interest expense through firm value was non-significant. Meanwhile, the indirect effect of the production costs on tax expense through firm value is significant. Likewise, the indirect effect of the production costs variable on dividends through firm value, which is also significant. The research results can be considered for the company in terms of debt policy and dividend policy and for the government in determining taxes.

Calculation of financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) for Islamic banking activity in Malaysia1

The Financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM) is a concept used in national accounts to value the activity of banks as intermediaries between depositors and borrowers and widely used in conventional banking. Unlike conventional banking, Islamic banking declared their loans as financing in financial position statement. While interest expense and interest received declared as “profit distributed to depositors” and “income derived from investment”. The terms were compliant by the shariah law in Malaysia and this paper show on how the calculation of FISIM for Islamic banking in the context of the 2008 System of National Accounts. The calculation process is similar to conventional banks methodology, but the difference was only terms of financing instead of loans that have been used in Islamic Banking.

Problems of Base Erosion and Anti-Abuse Tax

The United States (U.S.) has a new tax law known as The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) [1]. It imposes many new provisions dealing with international tax from a U.S. perspective, including several that were designed to prevent the erosion of the U.S. tax base. This article discusses the reasons for these new anti-base erosion provisions and explains how they work. It points out some of the international tax planning techniques used by U.S. and other multinational corporations to shelter income from high taxes. It discusses the temporary and in some cases permanent disallowance of deductions for interest expense, the disallowance of royalty expenses, and the new base erosion and anti-abuse tax (BEAT). This paper also presents examples and offer tax planning strategies.

Tax Code Change Impacts on the Practice of Corporate Finance

Public Law No. 115-97 (initially introduced in the house as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act or TCJA) passed by Congress in 2017 has significantly revised the Internal Revenue Code of 1986. Since taxes play an important role in financial decision-making, the TCJA will impact decisions in many areas of corporate finance, including capital structure and capital budgeting. By using S&P 500 data, this paper attempts to broadly estimate these impacts. The lower corporate tax rate under the new law reduces the corporate incentive to borrow to benefit from the interest expense tax shield. The lower tax rate also reduces the depreciation tax shield and marginally raises the average cost of capital. However, an S&P 500 firm on average will receive an estimated $239 million per year in tax-related benefits, based on 2017 financial data. This annual benefit will decrease after five years as the 100% expensing of investments is gradually withdrawn after 2023.