Probabilistic Method for Estimating the Level of Reliability of Solar Photovoltaic Systems for Households in Ghana

Renewable Energy Resources have been identified among the most promising sources of harnessing power for industrial and household consumption but their power generations highly uctuate so building renewable power systems without critical reliability analysis might result in frequent blackouts in the power system. Therefore, in this paper, a robust, effective and ecient design approach is proposed to handle the reliability issues. The study involves a Mathematical modelling strategy of the PV system to estimate the total PV power produced and the Bottom-Up approach for predicting the household load demand. The reliability is defined in terms of Loss of Load Probability. The design methodology was validated with a University Household. The data used for the analysis consists of daily average global solar irradiance and load profiles. The results revealed that throughout the year, November-February is where the system seems to be more reliable. Also, the results indicated that without buck-up systems, the system would experience an average annual power loss of 17.8753% and thus, it is recommended that either solar batteries or the grid are used as backup system to achieve a complete level of reliability.

Solar battery frame made of pipes triangular cross-section

The vast majority of spacecraft use solar panels as their primary energy source. The widespread using of solar cells is due to the simplicity of the design, reliability, environmental safety and minimal impact on the electronics and radio elements of the spacecraft. The development of new, larger spacecraft is driven by increasing demands on their functionality. These requirements lead to the need to provide more and more payload capacity of the spacecraft, the growth of its mass. There are solar batteries with different types of substrate: flexible, semi-rigid and rigid. Many years of experience in the development and application of solar panels have led to the fact that domestic spacecraft in most designs use solar panels with a semi-rigid substrate consisting of pipes, fittings and strings. This design of the substrate has characteristics at the level of world analogues. The increase in the mass of the payload can be compensated by a decrease in the mass of the power supply system. Thus, to improve the mass-dimensional characteristics, it is possible to optimize the design of the main load-bearing elements-pipes, which implies a more efficient use of the material (reducing the margin of safety with constant rigidity of the frame). The paper presents the results of the study of the possibility of modernizing the structure of the frames of planar solar cells, increasing their mass-dimensional characteristics. The studies were carried out by computational and experimental methods, and experimental samples of pipes were manufactured and released. As a result of the work, a frame made of triangular pipes and fittings was developed, and the mass and mechanical characteristics of the frame were determined.

Combined noise shield with integrated solar panels

The article is devoted to the assessment of the noise load of road transport on the environment of large cities. Goal. The goal is to develop engineering structures to neutralize harmful substances from internal combustion engines, display and absorb sound waves, ensure road safety and improve energy efficiency. Methodology. The experience of European countries on the use of noise protection screens with integrated solar batteries is presented. The types and design features of solar panels are presented. Results. A model of a combined noise protection barrier with integrated solar batteries is proposed. This screen can be used to protect the urban environment from noise, sound waves and chemical compounds of internal combustion engines. Originality. The combined noise barrier with integrated solar panels is an engineering structure consisting of a foundation, sound-absorbing, sound-reflecting modules and solar cells, which differs in that it has a Y-shaped profile equipped with metal perforated modules filled with sound-absorbing material (polymers of organic origin , composite materials, mineral fibers, etc.) and sound-reflecting transparent or translucent modules, installed on a foundation made of photocatalytic concrete, and the energy obtained from the solar panels is transferred to street lights, which are installed on the foundation of the screen. Practical value. The invention can be used to protect against noise, sound waves and chemical compounds of exhaust gases of internal combustion engines of urban environment, residential buildings and pedestrian areas.

Tailored Physical and Optical Traits of TiO Thin Film formed Via Spray Pyrolysis Strategy: Influence of Annealing Temperature Change

Based on the worldwide technological interest, titanium oxide (TiO) thin film with its adapted form is well-known in the solar batteries and optoelectronic devices. Hence, we prepared a thin film upon a glass substrate using a chemical spray pyrolysis approach. Varied annealing temperatures (303, 323, 373, 423, 473 and 523 K) were used to establish the physicochemical properties of TiO thin film. The transmittance spectra values were observed between 50% and 70% with extinction coefficient value ~ 0.28 cm‒1. Consequently, the bandgap of the TiO were steadily decreased with enlarging the annealing temperature from 3.5 eV up to 2.8 eV.

Control Management for Three Renewable Energy Generators and Diesel Generator for Rural/Remote Sites

This paper shows a control method for three renewable energy generators (Wind, Solar, batteries bank generators) and diesel generator via PLC producing the required electrical supply for the remote and rural sites.

The distribution of the electron density and spin density in the interplanar areas CuFeS2 by NMR 63,65Cu in a local field

Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 is a known semiconductor mineral with a wide range of unique physical and chemical properties. These materials can be used as elements of solar batteries, coherent and incoherent sources of polarized radiation, in photovoltaic, thermoelectric and spintronic devices. Despite the relatively large number of studies on CuFeS2, many questions about its magnetic and electronic properties, are still outstanding. In this paper we were carried out studies of the distribution of the electron density and spin density in the nuclei of iron and copper in the semiconductor mineral CuFeS2. Special attention was devoted to interrelation of electronic and spin subsystems of the compound. The results of studies of the compound obtained in NMR 63,65Cu local field at low temperatures were used to perform the corresponding analysis. The cluster approach was used. The biggest cluster had Cu9Fe10S28-4 formula. Calculations were carried out in the framework of restricted self-consistent Hartree - Fock with open shells (SCF-LCAO-ROHF), MINI basis. The calculations were made with the “foundation” on the quadrupole parameters (quadrupole νQ frequency and the asymmetry parameter of the electric field gradient tensor η), obtained from the experiment. Study of electron density maps were performed for the regions containing chains of Fe-S-Cu and S-Fe-S for the different layers of metals and sulfur atoms. It is shown that the nature of the connection of iron atoms belonging to neighboring layers with sulfur atoms of the intermediate layer is different, which is reflected on the electron density distribution.