A Novel Tilt and Acceleration Measurement System Based on Hall-Effect Sensors Using Neural Networks

A tilt sensor is a device used to measure the tilt on many axes of a reference point. Tilt sensors measure the bending position according to gravity and are used in many applications. Slope sensors allow easy detection of direction or slope in the air. These tilt gauges have become increasingly popular and are being adapted for a growing number of high-end applications. As an example of practical application, the tilt sensor provides valuable information about an aircraft’s vertical and horizontal tilt. This information also helps the pilot understand how to deal with obstacles during flight. In this paper, Hall-effect effective inclination and acceleration sensor design, which makes a real-time measurement, have been realized. 6 Hall-effect sensors with analog output (UGN-3503) have been used in the sensor structure. These sensors are placed in a machine, and the hall sensor outputs are continuously read according to the movement speed and direction of the sphere magnet placed in the assembly. Hall sensor outputs produce 0–5 Volt analog voltage according to the position of the magnet sphere to the sensor. It is clear that the sphere magnet moves according to the inclination of the mechanism when the mechanism is moved angularly, and the speed of movement from one point to the other changes according to the movement speed. Here, the sphere magnet moves between the hall sensors in the setup according to the ambient inclination and motion acceleration. Each sensor produces analog output values in the range of 0–5 V instantaneous according to the position of the spheroid. Generally defined, according to the sphere magnet position and movement speed, the data received from the hall sensors by the microcontroller have been sent to the computer or microcomputer unit as UART. In the next stage, the actual sensor has been removed. The angle and acceleration values have been continuously produced according to the mechanism’s movement and output as UART. Thanks to the fact that the magnet is not left idle and is fixed with springs, problems such as vibration noises and wrong movements and the magnet leaning to the very edge and being out of position even at a slight inclination are prevented. In addition, the Hall-effect sensor outputs are given to an artificial neural network (ANN), and the slope and acceleration information is estimated in the ANN by training with the data obtained from the real-time slope and accelerometer sensor.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Kendali Level Air Berbasis Programmable Logic Controller dan Human Machine Interface

hingga industri. Salah satu penerapan perlunya mengendalikan level air adalah pada boiler suatu pembangkit. Berbagai pengendalian terhadap suatu besaran di industri tentu memerlukan perangkat pengendali. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Rancang bangun sistem kendali level air dengan menggunakan PLC dan Human Machine Interface (HMI) ini menggunakan perangkat utama yaitu PLC FX3U yang dilengkapi dengan input analog, output analog, dan output PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Level/ ketinggian air adalah objek yang akan dikendalikan. Suplai air diatur oleh pompa air DC yang terdiri atas pompa inlet dan pompa outlet. Sedangkan untuk sensor ketinggian air menggunakan sensor ultrasonic HC-SR04. Untuk memudahkan pengoperasian PLC, PLC dapat dikombinasikan dengan HMI yang mana terhubung di dalam jaringan dengan PLC. Untuk aplikasi jangka panjang, rancang bangun sistem kendali level air berbasis PLC FX3U dan HMI dapat difungsikan sebagai media pembelajaran di kelas pada mata kuliah yang berkaitan dengan elektronika industri, PLC, maupun mata kuliah lain. Berdasarkan pengujian dengan menggunakan kontroler PID di dalam PLC, diperoleh hasil bahwa ketinggian air dapat dikendalikan dengan eror rata-rata sebesar 3%. Nilai tersebut disebabkan karena perilaku dinamik air.

Rancang Bangun Tempat Sampah Dengan Sistem Memilah Jenis Sampah Basah, Kering dan Logam Menggunakan Atmega328P

Sampah tentunya menjadi masalah pada kehidupan setiap hari, dari jenis sampah yang berbeda, volume sampah yang sangat bervariasi hingga permasalahan sampah masih sering dibarkan menumpuk pada tempat sampah sehingga dapat menimbulkan penyakit tertentu ketika sampah dibiarkan menumpuk. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah agar jenis sampah yang dibuang tidak menyatu dalam satu tempat sampah lagi dan sampah tidak lagi dibiarkan menumpuk ketika tempat sampah sudah penuh. Penelitian kali ini akan menggunakan ATmega328P sebagai pengatur dalam keseluruhan proses kerja alat, magnet elektromagnetik sementara untuk memilah sampah logam sedangkan sensor touch digunakan sebagai pemilah sampah basah atau kering. Magnet elektromagnetik sementara yang digunakan mampu mengangkat beban sampah logam seberat maksimal 1,9kg, sedangkan sensor touch yang digunakan pada penelitian ini dapat memilah sampah basah atau sampah kering karena sensor touch memiliki output analog. Output analog dari sampah basah berada pada range 2.5 – 209 dan untuk output analog sampah kering berada pada range 210 – 224. Conveyor pada penelitian kali ini berfungsi sebagai tempat menjatuhkan sampah dan menghantarkan sampah pada tempat sampah yang berbeda. Nilai keberhasilan dari keseluruhan sistem yang dibuat pada penelitian kali ini adalah sebesar 79%.

Modulation of optical speaker using biogenic guanine platelets floating in water

Microphones are miniature devices for sound detection. Various technologies have been developed to transfer sound properties onto other physical quantities, e.g., electricity. Over the past three decades, many studies have reported on optical sensing of sound. Most of these studies were performed via application of light interference at the edges of optical fibers. Several studies have reported on detection of sounds in the air or objects causing mechanical vibrations based on light interference. This work proposes an optical speaker which is a method to reconstruct and modulate sound from the power spectrum of light that has been reflected by guanine platelets floating in water droplet. The water droplet containing fish guanine platelets was placed on a piezoelectric membrane and acoustic vibration from the membrane propagated inside the droplet. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) then collected the light reflected from the water droplet. Without post-analysis of the measured light intensity, the analog output voltage from the PMT clearly sounded an audio speaker. In addition, it was found that the guanine platelets reflecting light operated as an audio equalizer.

PROTOTIPE SISTEM KONVEYOR OTOMATIS DENGAN KENDALI KECEPATAN BERBASIS PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER

Studi mengenai kontrol konveyor dan pemrograman menggunakan PLC telah banyak diajarkan di perguruan tinggi khususnya pada bidang Teknik Elektro. Sayangnya materi yang diperoleh peserta didik hanya berupa teori tanpa pengaplikasian secara langsung pada sistem konveyor di industri karena terkendala kebijakan perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dibuat prototipe sistem konveyor otomatis berbasis PLC yang dimiliki sendiri oleh perguruan tinggi sehingga peserta didik dapat langsung mengimplemetasikan hasil perancangan dan program PLC yang telah dipelajarinya di kelas. Diharapkan dengan adanya prototipe sistem konveyor otomatis tersebut mampu meningkatkan minat dan pemahaman peserta didik terhadap proses otomatisasi industri sehingga akan lebih siap ketika harus terjun langsung ke industri. Penambahan kendali kecepatan pada sistem konveyor otomatis bertujuan utnuk menciptakan suatu prototipe yang sesuai dengan keadaan nyata di lapangan. Penelitian ini membahas perancangan dan pembuatan prototipe sistem konveyor otomatis dengan kendali kecepatan berbasis Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). Perangkat utama pengendali yang digunakan adalah PLC Mitsubishi tipe FX3U yang dilengkapi dengan input analog, output analog, dan output PWM (Pulse Width Modulation). Konveyor yang digunakan adalah konveyor mini dengan penggerak motor DC. Pengendalian kecepatan konveyor dilakukan dengan mengatur kecepatan putaran motor DC menggunakan pengaturan lebar pulsa berbasis PLC.

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE SOFTWARE E INTERFACE PARA O CONTROLE POR RETROALIMENTAÇÃO ATRASADA EM SISTEMAS ELETROQUÍMICOS

DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE AND INTERFACE FOR DELAYED FEEDBACK CONTROL IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS. In this paper, we show the development of a LabVIEW algorithm able to apply the delayed feedback control on oscillatory electrochemical reactions. The coupling of the control and the experiments was carried out by a real-time apparatus, measuring the faradaic current and, in sequence, applying a calculated circuit voltage as an analog output. The setup was used to control the oscillatory Cu/Sn electrodeposition dynamics, used as a model-system, and the results clearly demonstrate the control accuracy. Overall, the code may be a great tool for the controlled synthesis of nanomaterials in different oscillatory electrodeposition reactions, as it offers the ability to control the composition and structure of the deposit by fine tuning the dynamic properties.

Hydrodynamics of Pulsed Fluidized Bed of Ultrafine Powder: Fully Collapsing Fluidized Bed

The processing of fine and ultrafine particles using a fluidized bed is challenging in view of their unpredictable hydrodynamic behavior due to interparticle forces. The use of assisted fluidization techniques in such cases can be effective in improving the bed hydrodynamics. This work investigates the dynamics of pulsed fluidized bed of ultrafine nanosilica subjected to square-wave flow pulsations. The pulse duration used in this study is sufficient to allow the complete collapse of the pulsed fluidized bed between two consecutive flow pulsations. The proposed pulsation strategy is carefully implemented using electronic mass flow controllers with the help of analog output signals from data acquisition system. Given that the different regions of the fluidized bed exhibit varying dynamics, which together contribute to overall bed dynamics, the bed transients in the upper, central, and lower regions of the fluidized bed are monitored using several sensitive pressure transducers located along the height of the bed. The effect of the flow pulsation on the hydrodynamics of the fluidized bed is rigorously characterized. A significant reduction in the minimum fluidization velocity was obtained and an increase in the bed homogeneity was observed due to flow pulsations. The frequency domain analysis of the signals clearly delineated the frequency of the various events occurring during the fluidization.

Automatic Evaluation of Analog Circuits using e-Sim EDA Tool

E-learning and online exams have become norm of the day. E-learning and evaluation of what user has learnt through it, now spans all the disciplines of learning like science, arts, commerce, business, engineering and computer science. Online exams are used as tool for assessing large number of students at a faster pace. Automatic evaluation of concepts is one of the major part of online exams. In this paper the researchers have proposed an online examination system for creating and evaluating analog circuits. The researchers have taken into account electronic circuits that generates analog output and have evaluated and graded these circuits automatically based on its logical and functional aspects. The proposed system will save time and efforts put by faculty in evaluation of large number of students.