scholarly journals Modulation of optical speaker using biogenic guanine platelets floating in water

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masakazu Iwasaka
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Water Droplet ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Acoustic Vibration ◽  
Mechanical Vibrations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Light Interference ◽  
Sound Detection ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Analog Output

AbstractMicrophones are miniature devices for sound detection. Various technologies have been developed to transfer sound properties onto other physical quantities, e.g., electricity. Over the past three decades, many studies have reported on optical sensing of sound. Most of these studies were performed via application of light interference at the edges of optical fibers. Several studies have reported on detection of sounds in the air or objects causing mechanical vibrations based on light interference. This work proposes an optical speaker which is a method to reconstruct and modulate sound from the power spectrum of light that has been reflected by guanine platelets floating in water droplet. The water droplet containing fish guanine platelets was placed on a piezoelectric membrane and acoustic vibration from the membrane propagated inside the droplet. A photomultiplier tube (PMT) then collected the light reflected from the water droplet. Without post-analysis of the measured light intensity, the analog output voltage from the PMT clearly sounded an audio speaker. In addition, it was found that the guanine platelets reflecting light operated as an audio equalizer.

scholarly journals Advanced Thermally Drawn Multimaterial Fibers: Structure-Enabled Functionalities

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Zhe Wang ◽  
Mengxiao Chen ◽  
Yu Zheng ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Zhixun Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Surface Structures ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Scalability ◽  
Drawing Technique ◽  
Symmetric Structures ◽  
Thermal Drawing

Thermally drawn multimaterial fibers have experienced rapid development in the past two decades owing to the high scalability, uniformity, and material and structure compatibility of the thermal drawing technique. This article reviews various multimaterial fibers based on different functional structures and their applications in disparate fields. We start from the functional structures achieved in optical fibers developed in the early stage of thermally drawn fibers. Subsequently, we introduce both typical functional structures and unique structures created in multimaterial fibers for varying applications. Next, we present the early attempts in breaking the axial symmetric structures of thermally drawn fibers for extended functionalities. Additionally, we summarize the current progress on creating surface structures on thermally drawn fibers. Finally, we provide an outlook for this trending topic towards wearable devices and smart textiles.

A Feasibility Study of the Material Removal Rate of the Conical End-Face of the Optical Fiber under Polishing

2014 ◽  
Vol 518 ◽  
pp. 19-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Chien Tsai ◽  
Guang Miao Huang ◽  
Jun Hong Chen ◽  
Inn Chyn Her
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Material Removal Rate ◽  
Material Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Flat Surfaces ◽  
The Past ◽  
Beam Delivery

The surfaces of the microlenses at the conical end-faces of optical fibers require high quality to keep the best performance of laser beam delivery. The polishing parameters play an important role to get the best quality of the microlenses. Most of the past researches study on the polishing parameters of flat surfaces. In this study, the polishing area of the conical end-face of the optical fiber is varied during fabrication. The relation between removed volume and removed thickness is built to determine the material removal rate. An experiment is carried out and the results show that the first two spinning turns are much effective for polishing under the parameters of the experiment.

scholarly journals A TRANSMISSION LINE WAVE HEIGHT TRANSDUCER

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
C.M.G. Zwarts
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Coastal Waters ◽  
Output Signal ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Diode Oscillator ◽  
Tunnel Diode Oscillator ◽  
Analog Output ◽  
Accurate Wave ◽  
Wave Transducer

A simple but accurate wave transducer has been developed for the measurement of waves and tidal levels on inland and coastal waters. It consists of a tunnel diode oscillator, using a transmission line to sense the water-level. The output voltage consists of a square wave, with a period linearly proportional to the water-level. In addition an analog output signal is provided. The quasi-static accuracy of the instrument is equal to or less than 0.2%.

scholarly journals Recent HST Surveys of Planetary Nebulae in the Magellanic Clouds

2003 ◽  
Vol 209 ◽  
pp. 575-576
Author(s):  
Richard A. Shaw ◽  
Letizia Stanghellini ◽  
Max Mutchler ◽  
Bruce Balick ◽  
Stacy Palen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Planetary Nebulae ◽  
Magellanic Clouds ◽  
The Past ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Physical Quantities ◽  
Dust Absorption ◽  
Active Investigation

The study of the formation and evolution of planetary nebulae (PNs) has been a subject of active investigation for several decades. In the past 15 years the relationship between nebular morphology and nebular/stellar evolution has been investigated in some detail. Although important insights have been gained, the connection between PN formation and even basic morphological features of the evolving nebula is far from clear. One of the most vexing problems to overcome is the difficulty of obtaining, at least for Galactic PNs where statistical distances must be adopted, reliable dimensions, ages, luminosities, and other physical quantities that are essential for understanding the evolutionary state of individual nebulae. Our emphasis of late has been to obtain high-resolution images of a large sample of PNs in the Magellanic Clouds, where uncertainties in the distances are minimal and selection effects due to, e. g., dust absorption in the Galactic plane do not apply.

scholarly journals Methodology for Asynchronous Motor Impedance Measurement by Using Higher Order Harmonics

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 2541
Author(s):  
Karolis Dambrauskas ◽  
Jonas Vanagas ◽  
Saulius Bugenis ◽  
Tomas Zimnickas ◽  
Artūras Kalvaitis
Keyword(s):  
Output Voltage ◽  
Asynchronous Motor ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Resistance Measurement ◽  
Variable Speed ◽  
Switching Speed ◽  
Frequency Converters ◽  
The Past ◽  
Asynchronous Motors

The control methods of asynchronous motors have changed during past decades. In the past, asynchronous motors were connected to grid directly. Later, thyristors as switching element-based frequency converters for asynchronous motors have appeared. Today, asynchronous motors are controlled with variable speed drives that are frequency converters consisting of IGBT power modules as switching elements that form the output voltage for asynchronous motors. Because of IGBT’s high switching speed of around few kilohertz, higher order harmonics appear in the output voltage. Their influence was not analyzed in the past as the methodology of asynchronous motor winding resistance measurement was under development. In this article, a new methodology of motor resistance measurement for mass production is introduced. The resistance—compared to higher order harmonics values between the windings of benchmark and tested motors—gives an ability to faster and more accurately determine a motor’s characteristics and losses induced by higher order harmonics that appear when a motor is powered by a variable speed drive. Motor winding’s inductance dependency on the current of magnetic biasing and the higher frequency of voltage is analyzed in this article. In addition, the simulation model of resistance to higher order harmonics of motor measurement is introduced and analyzed in this article.

Lightguide Technology Review and Status

1983 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Safi
Keyword(s):  
Semiconductor Lasers ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Processing And Storage ◽  
Voice Data ◽  
Rapid Deployment

Remarkable progress has been made in the lightguide technology over the past ten years. The realization of low loss optical fibers approaching intrinsic material limit and long life semiconductor lasers has stimulated rapid deployment of lightwave communication systems. Within the past five years the world wide fiber production capacity has grown from a few thousand to over one million kilometers per year. The impetus for this phenomenal growth can also be traced to recent advances in computer technology allowing low cost processing and storage of a great deal of complex information. This combination of information processing and transmission technologies is bringing a host of new services such as voice, data and visual communications, CATV, videotex and facsimile transmission, over the same network. One could therefore expect an accelerating growth in deployment of lightwave communication systems.

scholarly journals A Review on Metasurface: From Principle to Smart Metadevices

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Hu ◽  
Sankhyabrata Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Yu-hui Liu ◽  
Li-yang Shao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Berry Phase ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Optical Elements ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reflection And Refraction ◽  
Anomalous Reflection ◽  
Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽  
Dielectric Structures

Metamaterials are composed of periodic subwavelength metallic/dielectric structures that resonantly couple to the electric and magnetic fields of the incident electromagnetic waves, exhibiting unprecedented properties which are most typical within the context of the electromagnetic domain. However, the practical application of metamaterials is found challenging due to the high losses, strong dispersion associated with the resonant responses, and the difficulty in the fabrication of nanoscale 3D structures. The optical metasurface is termed as 2D metamaterials that inherent all of the properties of metamaterials and also provide a solution to the limitation of the conventional metamaterials. Over the past few years, metasurfaces; have been employed for the design and fabrication of optical elements and systems with abilities that surpass the performance of conventional diffractive optical elements. Metasurfaces can be fabricated using standard lithography and nanoimprinting methods, which is easier campared to the fabrication of the counterpart 3 days metamaterials. In this review article, the progress of the research on metasurfaces is illustrated. Concepts of anomalous reflection and refraction, applications of metasurfaces with the Pancharatanm-Berry Phase, and Huygens metasurface are discussed. The development of soft metasurface opens up a new dimension of application zone in conformal or wearable photonics. The progress of soft metasurface has also been discussed in this review. Meta-devices that are being developed with the principle of the shaping of wavefronts are elucidated in this review. Furthermore, it has been established that properties of novel optical metasurface can be modulated by the change in mechanical, electrical, or optical stimuli which leads to the development of dynamic metasurface. Research thrusts over the area of tunable metasurface has been reviewed in this article. Over the recent year, it has been found that optical fibers and metasurface are coagulated for the development of optical devices with the advantages of both domains. The metasurface with lab-on fiber-based devices is being discussed in this review paper. Finally, research trends, challenges, and future scope of the work are summarized in the conclusion part of the article.‬‬‬‬‬‬‬

scholarly journals Optimal Structural Design of a Magnetic Circuit for Vibration Harvesters Applicable in MEMS

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltán Szabó ◽  
Pavel Fiala ◽  
Jiří Zukal ◽  
Jamila Dědková ◽  
Přemysl Dohnal
Keyword(s):  
Output Voltage ◽  
Mechanical Energy ◽  
Optimum Level ◽  
Optimum Energy ◽  
Rotationally Symmetric ◽  
Actual Design ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Given ◽  
Individual Design ◽  
Physical Quantities

The paper discusses the results of research into a vibration-powered milli- or micro generator (MG). The generator harvests mechanical energy at an optimum level, utilizing the vibration of its mechanical system. The central purpose of our report is to outline the parameters that are significant for implementing the actual design to harvest the maximum (optimum) energy possible within periodic symmetrical systems, while respecting the typical behavior of the output voltage. The relevant theoretical outcomes influence the measurability and evaluation of the physical quantities that characterize the designed structures. The given parameters, which are currently defined in millimeters, are also applicable within the micrometer range, or MEMS. The article compares some of the published microgenerator concepts and design versions by using effective power density, among other parameters, and it also brings complementary comments on the applied harvesting techniques. The authors demonstrate minor variations in the magnetic rotationally symmetric circuit geometry that affect the pattern of the device’s instantaneous output voltage; in this context, the suitability of the individual design approaches that are to be used with MEMS as a vibration harvesting system is analyzed in terms of properties that are applicable in Industry 4.0.

scholarly journals Detection of Mercury Ions in Water using a Plastic Optical Fiber Sensor

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 95
Author(s):  
Willy Hardiantho ◽  
Bidayatul Arminah ◽  
Arifin Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Optical Fibers ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Mercury Ions ◽  
Large Power ◽  
Spiral Spring ◽  
Measurement Results ◽  
Plastic Optical Fibers

Research has been carried out on the detection of mercury ions in water using plastic optical fibers. Detection of mercury ions is done by immersing the optical fiber sensor in the HgCl2 solution, where both ends of the sensor are connected to an LED and a phototransistor. LED as a light source will emit light along with the optical fiber which will be received by the phototransistor. The optical light received by the phototransistor is converted into an electric voltage and given a gain in the differential amplifier. The output voltage in the form of an analog signal is converted into a digital signal on the Arduino UNO so that it can be read on a computer. The optical fiber as a sensor is made in two configurations, namely U configuration and spiral spring configuration. The jacket and the fiber optic cladding are peeled off and then covered with chitosan. Each configuration will be given a variation of the curve to analyze the characteristics of the sensor. The curvature can cause a large power loss resulting in attenuation of the light intensity of the LED received by the phototransistor. Apart from the effect of indentation on optical fibers, the output voltage measurement results are also influenced by the level of HgCl2 concentration. The best measurement results for mercury ion sensors in water using plastic optical fibers are obtained in a spiral spring configuration with a chitosan cladding with a variation of 6 coils which has a sensitivity of 104.065 mV/ppm.

Rechargeable metal batteries based on selenium cathodes: progress, challenges and perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (19) ◽  
pp. 11566-11583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingxing Gu ◽  
Tianyu Tang ◽  
Xiaoteng Liu ◽  
Yanglong Hou
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Output Voltage ◽  
The Past

Rechargeable metal batteries using selenium or selenide as the cathodes have attracted considerable attention during the past few years owing to selenium/selenide possessing a high volumetric energy density that is comparable to that of sulfur, a moderate output voltage and characteristics of environmental benignity.

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