Fiscal decentralization in Russia and the world: trends and effects

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-107
Author(s):  
E. N. Timushev
Keyword(s):  
Fiscal Decentralization ◽  
The State ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Local Revenue ◽  
Fiscal Autonomy ◽  
The World ◽  
Regional Authorities ◽  
Original Classification

The paper identifies the state of federal and local fiscal decentralization in Russia and its effects. Original classification of decentralization indicators by a consolidated parameter indicator and a single-level parameter indicator (fiscal autonomy) is proposed. The indicator of vertical imbalance is allocated to a separate group. Despite the upward trend of fiscal decentralization in the world, Russian federal fiscal decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of regional authorities) has not increased and lags most other federations. However, the state of local decentralization (the size of fiscal powers of local authorities) is much worse, since for 2008-2018 there was a significant reduction and local revenue decentralization is minimal compared to other federations. The results obtained may indicate that fiscal decentralization could not contribute to the efficiency of the Russian budgetary system. The decrease in local decentralization may have been caused by the growth of the regional debt, but the question of why there was a decrease remains open. Favorable role of significant local fiscal powers on business and alleged existence of a threshold in decentralization-macroindicators relationship are also confirmed.

Analysis of the Development of the Hospitatity Industry in the North Caucasus Federal District

2020 ◽  
pp. 117-126
Author(s):  
Olga V. Pirogova ◽  
Anastasia Yu. Pirogova
Keyword(s):  
Hospitality Industry ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The State ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The World ◽  
Market Saturation

The article talks about the role of the hospitality industry in the world, shows statistics on the state of the hospitality industry in the world and in Russia. It is shown how tourism and the hospitality industry are interconnected, how tourism affects the development of the hospitality industry. The article gives the concept of the hospitality industry, analyzes this concept, gives its interpretation by Russian and foreign scientists, gives an analysis of this concept in connection with the legal point of view. The hospitality industry is a complex of economic system, which is an intersectoral complex. The paper shows the role of the hospitality industry in the North Caucasus Federal District. The concept of a market saturation indicator for hotel services is introduced, and global market saturation indicators for hotel rooms are discussed. The paper gives the main indicators of the state of the hotel services market, such as: the number of collective accommodation facilities, the number of rooms, the number of places in collective accommodation facilities, the number of nights in collective accommodation facilities. These indicators are compared with the indicators of the Russian Federation as a whole, with indicators in the North Caucasus Federal District as a whole. Also, a comparison of these indicators among the regions of the district. The analysis of these indicators of the development of the hotel industry in the district is carried out, the growth of these indicators in comparison with 2012 is shown, the share of hotel services by the district is analyzed. The study shows a significant difference in these indicators between the regions of the district. The article discusses the role of the classification of hotels and provides data on the classification of hospitality industry enterprises in the district, the classification capabilities and the problems associated with this procedure. As a result of the work, a conclusion is drawn on the state of the hotel services market in the North Caucasus Federal District.

scholarly journals Evaluation Methods for the Impacts of Shared Mobility: Classification and Critical Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10504
Author(s):  
Anastasia Roukouni ◽  
Gonçalo Homem de Almeida Correia
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Shared Mobility ◽  
The World ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Pros And Cons

In recent years, shared mobility services have had a growing presence in cities all over the world. Developing methodologies to measure and evaluate the impacts of shared mobility has therefore become of critical importance for city authorities. This paper conducts a thorough review of the different types of methods that can be used for this evaluation and suggests a classification of them. The pros and cons of each method are also discussed. The added value of the paper is twofold; first, we provide a systematic recording of the state of the art and the state of the practice regarding the evaluation of the impacts of shared mobility, from the perspective of city authorities, reflecting on their role, needs, and expectations. Second, by identifying the existing gaps in the literature, we highlight the specific needs for research and practice in this field that can help society figure out the role of urban shared mobility.

scholarly journals Robots as intelligent assistants to face COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Seidita ◽  
Francesco Lanza ◽  
Arianna Pipitone ◽  
Antonio Chella
Keyword(s):  
Technological Progress ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Intelligent Assistants

Abstract Motivation The epidemic at the beginning of this year, due to a new virus in the coronavirus family, is causing many deaths and is bringing the world economy to its knees. Moreover, situations of this kind are historically cyclical. The symptoms and treatment of infected patients are, for better or worse even for new viruses, always the same: more or less severe flu symptoms, isolation and full hygiene. By now man has learned how to manage epidemic situations, but deaths and negative effects continue to occur. What about technology? What effect has the actual technological progress we have achieved? In this review, we wonder about the role of robotics in the fight against COVID. It presents the analysis of scientific articles, industrial initiatives and project calls for applications from March to now highlighting how much robotics was ready to face this situation, what is expected from robots and what remains to do. Results The analysis was made by focusing on what research groups offer as a means of support for therapies and prevention actions. We then reported some remarks on what we think is the state of maturity of robotics in dealing with situations like COVID-19.

Triage in der (Strafrechts-) Wissenschaft

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Available Resources

The COVID-19 pandemic forced physicians around the world to make tragic decisions: Whose life should be saved when it is apparent that available resources are insufficient to treat everyone? Under the heading of "triage" a broad societal debate ensued that also ignited the scientific community. This anthology unites voices from medicine, law, and philosophy for a conversation. It reveals controversies that are deeply rooted in ideas of law, morality, and the role of the individual in the state. Simultaneously, answers are being formulated to questions that have become sadly prominent in the COVID pandemic but could also valid beyond it.

scholarly journals Analisis Peran Negara Di Bidang Ekonomi Dalam Prespektif Sistem Kapitalisme, Sosialisme, Dan Ekonomi Islam

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kambali
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
The State ◽  
Planning System ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The World ◽  
Low Interest Rates

The economic crisis that convolved the world economy a few years ago is the result of a series of government policies in the economic field. Starting from the Subprime Mortgage in America, the crisis eventually spreads across all sectors of the economy. As analysts say that the explosion of the current economic crisis is caused by the trend of low interest rates that are applied by the Fed. The trend of low interest rates will give rise to expectation of market to future economic situation. It is characterized by the overflow of capital expansion in all sectors, especially in property sector. Today, along with the growing mobility of capital from one country to another as part of unavoidable economic liberalization, mobility of capital, on the one hand, has spawned some of the imbalances in the life of a State. The powerlessness can not be separated from economic ideology and system on state role in the economy. Capitalism with its laissez faire brings the concept of state minimal role in the economy. In the empirical facts, it is broken by the crisis situation in 1930 and today's financial crisis. Socialism tends to carry the central role of the State in the economy through the centralistic planning system. The fall of the Soviet Union in the 1980s brought the world to a choice whether reconstructing capitalism or socialism as Fukuyama and Gidden said. On the other hand, as the new system, the economic system of Islam brings the concept of the role of the State in the economy on the basis of universal values of Islam, such as justice in the economy which is reflected in the mechanism of the prohibition of riba (usury), just income distribution and redistribution of income through zakat and social security. This article is an exposure of the State's role in the economy which is studied through the perspective of today’s economic system. The systems are capitalism, socialism, and Islam. The article not only explores conceptual framework, but also also contains an empirical framework mapping and how the conceptual framework is operated. At the end, from the two mapping (conceptual and empirical), author draws a reflection of how the State should play a role in the economic field. Keywords: Capitalism, Socialism, Islam, Economic Role of State

scholarly journals THE CLASSIFICA ASSIFICATION OF PHRASEOL TION OF PHRASEOLOGICAL UNI OGICAL UNITS WITH ONOMASTIC COMPONENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 139-147
Author(s):  
Marjona Akhmadovna Radjabova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
National Character ◽  
Ancient History ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World

Abstract. The following article discusses the role of onomastic components in phraseological units and their meaning as well as giving a classification of onomastic components in phraseological units based on the materials of different structural languages. Through examples the author proves that the presence of names in the ancient rich phraseological layer of non-fraternal English, Russian and Uzbek languages is related to the national and cultural values, customs, ancient history, folklore and daily life of the peoples who speak this language. Besides, in the process of study of onomastic components it is also determined that names, along with forming their national character, are a factor giving information about the past of a particular nation. Background. In the world linguistics there have been carried out a series of researches in the field of the study of phraseological units with onomastic components in comparative-typological aspect revaling their national and cultural peculiarities, analyzing and classifying their content structurally and semantically

scholarly journals State Sovereignty of the Russian Federation in View of Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation Adopted in 2020

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 21-23
Author(s):  
Aleksey L. Bredikhin ◽  
◽  
Evgeniy D. Protsenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Political System ◽  
The State ◽  
State Sovereignty ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Federation

In this article, the authors analyze the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, adopted in 2020, with a view to their influence on the state of Russian sovereignty and note that the topic of sovereignty is central to these amendments. Researchers conclude that the amendments constitute, first and foremost, the strengthening of the sovereignty of the Russian Federation, the autonomy of state jurisdiction, and the increasing status and role of Russia in the world political system.

scholarly journals ANALISIS YURIDIS HAK DAN KEWAJIBAN WARGA NEGARA ATAS PENDIDIKAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 20 TAHUN 2003 TENTANG SISTEM PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-92
Author(s):  
Sara Tambun ◽  
Goncalwes Sirait ◽  
Janpatar Simamora
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Education For All ◽  
Education Development ◽  
Development Index ◽  
The World ◽  
Experience Education ◽  
Role Of Parents ◽  
Global Monitoring Report ◽  
Monitoring Report

Education is an important issue and issue that the nation and the state of Indonesian are facing this time. Besides being important, being able to experience education is also a right for everyone. Lack of education in Indonesia can be seen in the Date Release of the Education For All (EFA) Global Monitoring Report 2011: Education Development Index wich UNESCO. Indonesia in year 2011 is 0,934 value is what puts Indonesia at posision 69 of 127 countries in the world. the causes could be the result of this lack of special attention to the aducation of the country to a greater extent in areas that really need  the attention of both the regional and the central goverments and not escape from the role of parents and families in not obstructing an increased education.

scholarly journals On the Cognitive Foundation of Lexical Classification of the Subject World

2020 ◽  
pp. 59-75
Author(s):  
Alexey D. Koshelev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Cognition ◽  
Language Of Thought ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Specific Level ◽  
Human Ability ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Lexical Classification

The paper presents a language of thought (a set of cognitive units and relations) used to provide non-verbal definitions for the following five concepts: ARMCHAIR, MUG, RAVINE, LAKE, TREE. These definitions make it possible to describe concepts on two levels of specificity. On the first level, a concept is presented as a holistic cognitive unit. On the second, more specific, level, the same concept is viewed as a partitive system, i.e. a hierarchical system of its parts, the latter being smaller concepts into which the original holistic unit is decomposed. A hypothesis is advanced that such structure is inherent to all visible objects. The partitive system is argued to play a major role in human cognition. It, first, provides for an in-depth understanding of the perceived objects through understanding the role of their parts, and, second, underlies the formation of the hierarchy of concepts with respect to their generality. Besides, it can be considered as one of the defining properties of the human species as it accounts for the human ability to purposefully change the world.

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