PLC Based Automated Irrigation System

In a developing country like India, automation plays an important role in the development and advancement of the country. In the field of irrigation, proper method of irrigation is important . At the present era, the gardeners have been using irrigation technique in India through the manual control in which the gardeners irrigate at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the grass and plants get dried. Over-irrigation can increase energy consumption and water cost as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches. Irrigators who monitor soil moisture levels in the field greatly increase their ability to conserve water and energy and avoid soil erosion and water pollution. The objective of this paper is to develop sensor based automated gardening system to reduce water requirement and balanced gardening in smart city projects in India. Manpower isn`t required in this system and moisture content of soil will be balanced all the time.

Design and Implementation of an Automatic Soil Moisture Sensor Irrigation System

As India is an agriculture oriented country and the rate at which water resources are depleting is a dangerous threat hence there is a need of smart and efficient way of irrigation. At present most of the farmers have been using irrigation techniques through the manual control in which the farmers irrigate the land at the regular intervals. This process sometimes consumes more water or sometimes the water reaches late due to which the crops get dried. Over-irrigation can increase energy consumption and water cost as well as leaching of fertilizers below the root zone, erosion, and transport of soil and chemical particles to the drainage ditches. Irrigators who monitor soil moisture levels inthe field greatly increase their ability to conserve water and energy, optimize crop yields, and avoid soil erosion and water pollution.This paper described to provide an automatic irrigation systemusing AT89S51 microcontroller,thereby saving time, money & power of the farmer. With thisautomated technology of irrigation the human intervention can be minimized. This system is best suited for places where water is scarce and has to be used in limited quantity

Investigation of the Exergy Analysis and Efficiency in the Turning of DIN 1.2367 Material

Increases of product in manufacturing processes have made its impact felt in Turning, one of the important branches of the industry. Increases in manufacturing also increase energy consumption. We can achieve this with efficiency studies in energy consumption. Energy efficiency studies to be carried out will reduce carbon emissions that will be revealed in turning processes and harm the environment. There are many studies on optimization of cutting parameters in turning processes. However, there are few studies on the effect of optimization of cutting parameters on energy efficiency and carbon emission values. This study has been trying to resolve this tartness. In the study, the efficiency calculation was made by extracting the exergy values of the processes of turning DIN 1.2367 steel material. In addition, processes in turning other metals can be determined and exergy calculations and efficiency values of these processes can be derived.

Energising Mexico: Historical Energy Consumption, Transitions and Economic Growth 1880-2015

This paper employs archival data to reconstruct the historical pattern of primary energyconsumption in Mexico during the 1880-2015 period. The study highlights the characteristics ofthe energy transitions between different primary energy sources and offers the first account of bothtraditional and modern energy carriers. It performs a trend and level analysis to explain how theeconomic structure, population and economic growth have impacted energy intensity andproductivity. Thus, the paper provides a first approximation to the long-term relationship betweeneconomic growth and energy utilisation in Mexico. The period 1880- 1920 saw both growths inpopulation and income increase energy consumption, the period 1921-1960 is mostly driven byincome growth, 1961-2000, both growths in population and income drive consumption, andfinally, between 2001 and 2015, population growth is the dominant force.

Dynamics of energy consumption, real sector value added and growth in energy deficient economies

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the energy–growth linkage in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), with emphasis on real sectors’ contribution to aggregate growth using dynamic panel estimation techniques that are practically and conceptually superior to the static models. Design/methodology/approach Dynamic panel econometric techniques pooled mean group, mean group and dynamic fixed effect were used to investigate the linkage among energy consumption, real sector value added and economic growth from 1967 to 2016 in 48 SSA countries. Findings A strong empirical evidence in favor of energy dependence and growth hypothesis in the investigated SSA countries was found. The finding that real sector value added and overall growth rate adjust reasonably to the shocks and dynamics of the energy consumption variables makes energy consumption an enabler for growth. This indicates that well thought-out and implemented energy development policy will not only increase energy consumption but also elicit multi-sectoral growth while addressing the obvious energy deficiency in the SSA region. Research limitations/implications It is also important to note the policy implications of the high adjustment profiles indicated by the error correction representations. All the speeds of adjustment of the three models denominated in time are slightly above a year and are all within predictable limits (they fall below unity or 100%). We found that when agriculture value added, manufacturing value added and overall economic growth rate in our SSA panel estimation exceed equilibrium levels as a result of deviations arising from energy related variables, downward adjustments at 66%, 62% and 78% per year, respectively, take place. Practical implications The study indicates that well thought-out and implemented energy development policy will not only increase energy consumption but also elicit multi-sectoral growth while addressing the obvious energy deficiency in the SSA region. Social implications Much as this study has made some addition to the literature on energy-growth nexus in the SSA region, which undoubtedly is an unveiling of economic forces in a collection of developing and energy deficient economies, it will be of great research significance if the form and style of this study is adopted for other economic blocs in the shapes and sizes of the SSA region. Originality/value This study ensured currency of data, novelty of approach and disaggregated energy consumption into emerging sources, traditional sources and geographical access.

Effect of natural resources extraction on energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission in Ghana

Purpose Even though many studies have attempted to understand the drivers of carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption to help tackle environmental issues, not much has been done to estimate the effect of natural resources extraction on these two variables. This paper aims to analyze the long-run and short-run carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption effect of natural resources extraction in Ghana. Design/methodology/approach The theoretical foundation for this study is the Stochastic Impacts Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology (STIRPAT) model. Secondary Data sourced from World Development Indicators (2018) for the period of 1971-2013 were used. Estimation was done by using the autoregressive distributed lag. Findings It was found among other things that urbanization, and extraction of natural resources contribute to Ghana’s carbon dioxide emission, while official development assistance helps in reducing carbon dioxide emission in the long run. Again, while income and extraction of natural resources increase energy consumption, urbanization and official development assistance reduce environmental degradation in the long run. Regarding the short run, income and urbanization both increase energy consumption and carbon dioxide emission; trade openness and official development assistance decrease both carbon dioxide emission and energy consumption. Research limitations/implications The implications from the results include the need to strictly enforce laws regulating extractive activities in the country to ensure a safe environment; and also to raise tariff and non-tariff barriers on products that do not promote a friendly environment and vice versa. Originality/value The effect of natural resources extraction on carbon emission and energy consumption is examined.

Operational Aspects of Electric Vehicles from Car-Sharing Systems

The article was dedicated to the topic of energy consumption of driving cars equipped with an electric motor. Due to the emerging demands for the excessive use of energy by vehicles (including car-sharing system vehicles), the authors carried out research to determine factors that affect the energy consumption. Due to the occurrence of a research gap related to the lack of reliable scientific information regarding real electricity consumption by vehicles used in car-sharing systems, the authors attempted to determine these values based on the proposed research experiment. The purpose of the research was to identify factors that increase energy consumption while driving in the case of car-sharing systems and developing recommendations for users of car-sharing systems and system operators in relation to energy consumption. Based on data received from car-sharing system operators and to their demands that users move cars uneconomically and use too much energy, the authors performed a scientific experiment based on Hartley’s plan. The authors made journeys with electric cars from car-sharing (measurements) in order to compare real consumption with data obtained from operators. As a result, the authors developed a list of factors that negatively affect the energy consumption of electric vehicles from car-sharing systems. As conclusion, a number of recommendations were developed for car-sharing system operators on how to manage their systems to reduce excessive energy consumption in electric vehicles.

5G Networks: Challenges and Techniques for Energy Efficiency

The growing importance of energy efficient networks with high data rate requirements is a major concern for network operators. Services provided by the network operators are required to ensure the consumers’ satisfaction. For the providing of high data rates with good signal quality, small cells are deployed. But these cells can increase energy consumption if not equipped with some intelligent power saving or distribution mechanism. In this paper, a previously tested small cell sleeping mode scheme is compared with the new proposed scheme of reducing power in low or normal traffic hours. This scheme provided 13-15% increase in energy efficiency. The new scheme resulted to beneficial simulated outcomes and can be applied to overcome the energy consumption issue.

Identification of the basic elements of the innovation-analytical platform for energy efficiency in project financing

This analytical study focuses on the financing of energy efficiency projects in Ukraine. In this article, the authors analyze the state and dynamics of the modern market of energy resources both on a global scale and within Ukraine, and it was discovered that the potential of the energy efficiency market is extremely large and interesting for different groups of bank investors. In the course of the study, it was revealed that private households and industrial enterprises are the largest energy consumers in Ukraine, which confirms the necessity of implementing a public program for financing energy efficiency projects. The study of Ukraine’s legislative framework has made it possible to clearly define the concept of energy efficiency and to highlight which projects can be considered energy-efficient. It is noted that the state actively develops and implements a policy to increase energy consumption savings both among private individuals and among producing enterprises, which is implemented at the state level by a specially created Energy Efficiency Fund. As a specific tool for analyzing energy efficiency projects, the authors suggest using benchmarking technology, which provides the opportunity to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of a specific energy saving project, as compared to the top project in the industry. As a result, in the course of the conducted analytical studies, the authors proposed a specific tool for the analysis of energy efficiency financing projects in Ukraine, which includes five priority areas for which it is necessary to build a methodology for assessing the borrower’s creditworthiness, which seeks to implement a project in the field of energy saving.