The Flapper and the Joven Moderna

Chapter 2 studies how the flapper, the archetypical modern girl, was construed by popular culture in the 1920s and 1930s. Mass media was engaged in a debate about the defining traits of the American flapper and her Argentine counterpart. While the flapper inhabited a distant land, the joven moderna combined popular fashions and mannerisms both foreign and domestic. Portrayed as an upper-class character, she went beyond the traditional female role of the devoted daughter. An oversimplified media construction, the Argentine flapper alerted the public of the dangerous effects of international consumer capitalism and Americanization on gender and national identity.

Women Working Emotions - Emotional Labour in Heterosexual Relationships

This research explores how young women experience emotional labour in heterosexual relationships. It does so against the background of three main interconnected concepts, namely those of power, gender and emotion. Thereby, subtle ways are uncovered in which women reproduce gender stereotypes in their intimate personal relationships on a daily basis. The results include that, in the private sphere, women still feel accountable for the emotional care work usually associated with the traditional female role of motherhood. Specifically, they seem to engage in a conscious process of internal, as well as, external emotional management. However, the effort undertaken by women to supervise the emotional climate of their relationships, as well as, their own feelings, was also found to be reciprocal in some cases, showing that there are complex ways in which young, modern couples resist gendered power.

Van weerloos tot weerbaar: Die Afrikaanse vrouedigter binne patriargale konteks

Vulnerability to resilience: The Afrikaans woman poet in patriarchal context. On Elisabeth Eybers’s poetry and my own. This article gives an account of the nature and content of my religious poems that form a large part of my poetry. Looking back upon my substantial oeuvre, I realise that it was as a woman that I gave expression to the human condition and to my experience of religion. As a woman poet I identified with the first acknowledged Afrikaans woman poet, Elisabeth Eybers. Although a specific female tradition was never identified in the Afrikaans literary criticism, the Afrikaans woman poet writes from within a patriarchal society of which the Bible and Christian doctrine form the basis. This corresponds with the situation of the English and American woman poet. Feministic American literary critics have reflected in depth on the woman poet’s dilemma, and have shown that the woman poet’s struggle to find her own identity is not against the strong male or female poets who preceded her, but against the inhibiting voices that live within herself. At deepest it amounts to a conflict between fulfilling her traditional female role as prescribed to her by the patriarchy, and fulfilling her vocation as poet – a theme in both Eybers’s and my work. Because of the different courses of our lives, the female identities expressed respectively in our work differ: Eybers’s identity is that of woman and mother, and later unattached immigrant, while mine is that of an unmarried career woman. In this article I concentrate on the way in which we give expression to our female identities in our poetry as influenced by the traditional Christian belief system in which we were brought up. I give a comprehensive account of the influence of characteristic scriptural language on Eybers’s and my own use of words, and I discuss our poems on biblical figures in detail.

¿Políticas para mujeres?: la concepción del trabajo femenino en los partidos políticos durante la transición a la democracia. Reflexiones desde el caso almeriense (Almería, 1977-1983)

El periodo de transición a la democracia en España ha sido considerado tradicionalmente como un punto de inflexión en los vectores temáticos que marcan la agenda feminista. Los comportamientos generalmente observados en partidos políticos de diversa ideología sobre el trabajo femenino quedarán traducidos en discursos de carácter socioeconómico, que unas veces responderán a las políticas de igualdad de oportunidades reclamadas por las feministas, y otras ocasiones mostrarán residuos de la<br />concepción tradicional del rol femenino. En este artículo se analizarán los discursos de distintos partidos políticos en distintas convocatorias electorales en el periodo apuntado<br />anteriormente.<br /><br />The period of transition to democracy in Spain has traditionally been viewed as a turning point in the thematic vectors that set the feminist agenda. The behaviour usually seen in political parties of diverse ideologies on women's work will be translated into socio-economic speeches that sometimes respond to the equal opportunity policies<br />claimed by feminists, and other times will remain some aspects about the traditional female role. This article analyzes the speeches of various political parties in various<br />elections in the period mentioned above.<br /><br />

Omsorgskapital i idrætten

Ulla Habermann og Laila Ottesen: Care-capital in sports organisations During the 18th and 19th century, sport was invented by and for men. Although women’s participation in sport activities in Denmark has increased since then and approaches the level of men’s involvement, women’s presence on the executive and decision making bodies of sports organisations is still limited. In 2003, women filled only 1/3 of the decision-making positions in sports organisations. Women and men choose different sports and different ways of organising their activities; and too, the way women and men take part in voluntary work in sports organisations differs substantially. This is a general societal pattern: women’s participation in civil society takes a different path from men’s. Here women often undertake a caring role; and they are over-represented i n humanitarian, religious and social organisations. This article discusses how this traditional female role is seemingly repeated in sports organisations and some reasons for this. In doing this, the article emphasises the value of the idea of “care-capital“, understood as a crucial part of social capital in seeking an understanding of women’s role in sports organisations.

乳腺癌患者在自助组织中的情感支持: 一个探索性的研究

本研究旨在了解内地乳腺癌患者的情感体验特徵，进而探索乳腺癌患者在自助组织获得的情感支持。研究发现，乳腺癌患者的情感体验特徵表现为：对死亡的种种不确定所产生的恐惧和沮丧；对婚姻解体的焦虑和无助；女性角色的负重和内疚等等。患者在自助组织中感受到的情感支持，在分享、情感讨论和互助方面均有较好的情感支持功效。 This study aims to understand Chinese breast cancer patients' emotions and the emotional support they receive from self-help groups. The findings showed various responses, such as fear and depression of the uncertainty of death; helplessness towards the eventual parting with spouse; feeling of guilt resulting from inability to meet traditional female role expectations and others. The emotional support that the patients received in the self-help groups through sharing and discussion showed a positive turn.

Another Look at Sex Differences in Preferred Mate Characteristics: The Effects of Endorsing the Traditional Female Gender Role

This research used an individual differences approach to test Eagly and Wood's (1999) claim that sex differences in the characteristics that people prefer in mates reflect the tendency for men and women to occupy different social roles in a society. The study related the extent to which participants endorsed the traditional female gender role to their preferences for their future mate's traits and age relative to their own age. In general, the sex-differentiated preferences that are consistent with the traditional division of labor were more pronounced, especially in male participants, to the extent that they endorsed the traditional female role.

Family Values, Religiosity, and Gender

This study investigated differences between men and women on perceptions of materialism, the importance of the family, and the traditional female role. It was hypothesized that highly religious women and men would respond in a similar manner with a lower value placed on materialism and higher values on importance to the family and traditional female roles. A questionnaire was administered to over 4,000 Protestant, Catholic, and LDS college students. Highly religious groups from each denomination endorsed less materialistic views and supported a more traditional female role; gender differences were greater in the group low on religiosity on the value of the family.