Another Look at Sex Differences in Preferred Mate Characteristics: The Effects of Endorsing the Traditional Female Gender Role

2002 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 322-328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Johannesen-Schmidt ◽  
Alice H. Eagly
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Role ◽  
Traditional Female Role

This research used an individual differences approach to test Eagly and Wood's (1999) claim that sex differences in the characteristics that people prefer in mates reflect the tendency for men and women to occupy different social roles in a society. The study related the extent to which participants endorsed the traditional female gender role to their preferences for their future mate's traits and age relative to their own age. In general, the sex-differentiated preferences that are consistent with the traditional division of labor were more pronounced, especially in male participants, to the extent that they endorsed the traditional female role.

Sex Differences in Time Production Revisited

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Glicksohn ◽  
Yamit Hadad
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Internal Clock ◽  
Target Duration ◽  
Log P ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Time Production ◽  
T Score

Individual differences in time production should indicate differences in the rate of functioning of an internal clock, assuming the existence of such a clock. And sex differences in time production should reflect a difference in the rate of functioning of that clock between men and women. One way of approaching the data is to compute individual regressions of produced duration (P) on target duration (T), after log transformation, and to derive estimates for the intercept and the slope. One could investigate a sex difference by comparing these estimates for men and women; one could also contrast them by looking at mean log(P). Using such indices, we found a sex difference in time production, female participants having a relatively faster internal clock, making shorter time productions, and having a smaller exponent. The question is whether a sex difference in time production would be found using other methods for analyzing the data: (1) the P/T ratio; (2) an absolute discrepancy (|P-T|) score; and (3) an absolute error (|P-T|/T) score. For the P/T ratio, female participants have a lower mean ratio in comparison to the male participants. In contrast, the |P-T| and |P-T|/T indices seem to be seriously compromised by wide individual differences.

Controlled Exertion of Force by Developmentally Delayed Young Men and Women

2005 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 487-497
Author(s):  
Yoshinori Nagasawa ◽  
Shinichi Demura
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Young People ◽  
Voluntary Movement ◽  
Large Individual ◽  
Developmentally Delayed ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Function Test ◽  
Delayed Group ◽  
Movement Function

Present purposes were to examine the characteristics of controlled force exertion in 28 developmentally delayed young people (14 men, 14 women), and sex differences compared to 28 normal young students (14 men, 14 women). The subjects matched their submaximal grip strength to changing demand values displayed in a bar chart on the display of a personal computer. The total sum of the differences between the demand value and grip exertion value for 25 sec. was used as an evaluation parameter for the test. The controlled force exertion was significantly poorer for the developmentally delayed group than for controls, and there were large individual differences. The developmentally delayed men scored poorer than women in coordination. Like the controls, the means between trials did not decrease significantly. For these developmentally delayed subjects, performance did not improve after only a few trials. The controlled force-exertion test is useful as a voluntary movement-function test for developmentally delayed subjects.

How Gender-Role Salience Influences Attitude Strength and Persuasive Message Processing

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asia A. Eaton ◽  
Penny S. Visser ◽  
Vicki Burns
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Attitude Strength ◽  
Message Processing ◽  
Role Salience ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Male Gender Roles ◽  
The Relationship

We conducted three studies to examine the relationship between gender and persuasion. We tested the notion that making gender roles salient affects the strength of individuals’ attitudes and the way they respond to persuasive information. In Studies 1 and 2, we found that priming women with the female gender role reduced the strength of their attitudes (Study 1, N = 50) and increased their susceptibility to persuasion through a low-thought process (Study 2, N = 98). In Study 3, we manipulated the salience of both the female and male gender roles among men and women and assessed persuasion to a counter-attitudinal message ( N = 185). We found that the female and male primes affected men and women similarly, with the female prime causing participants to process messages superficially and the male prime leading to thoughtful message processing. These findings help to explain women’s slightly greater persuadability in meta-analyses and provide evidence of harms that stereotypes about women can cause. Moving forward, we urge researchers to be wary of gender salience in the research context, especially when conducting persuasion research.

A social-cognitive model of human behavior offers a more parsimonious account of emotional expressivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Author(s):  
Vivian Zayas ◽  
Joshua A. Tabak ◽  
Gül Günaydýn ◽  
Jeanne M. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Relational Theory ◽  
Emotional Expressivity ◽  
Evolutionary Time ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Social Cognitive Model ◽  
Social Cognitive Models

AbstractAccording to socio-relational theory, men and women encountered different ecologies in their evolutionary past, and, as a result of different ancestral selection pressures, they developed different patterns of emotional expressivity that have persisted across cultures and large human evolutionary time scales. We question these assumptions, and propose that social-cognitive models of individual differences more parsimoniously account for sex differences in emotional expressivity.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Individual Differences in Human Facilitative and Preventive Courtship

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Arnocky ◽  
Shafik Sunderani ◽  
Graham Albert ◽  
Kate Norris
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Mating Strategies ◽  
Mate Value ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Undergraduate Men ◽  
Positive Reciprocity

Although cooperative mating strategies have been observed in other species, the extent to which men and women act to facilitate the mating success of others has been under-researched, especially among unrelated individuals. The present study addressed this gap in knowledge by exploring potential sex differences and individual differences in attitudes toward facilitating and preventing friends’ mating among 256 heterosexual undergraduate men and women. Results showed that women were more likely than men to express attitudes toward preventing the sexuality of friends, whereas no sex difference existed in facilitative mating. For both men and women, positive reciprocity beliefs and high self-perceived mate-value predicted positive attitudes toward facilitative mating. Among women, preventive mating was predicted by low sociosexuality and high intrasexual (within-sex) competitiveness.

Family Values, Religiosity, and Gender

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larry Jensen ◽  
Janet Jensen
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Gender Differences ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Female Role ◽  
Religious Women ◽  
The Family ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Traditional Female Role

This study investigated differences between men and women on perceptions of materialism, the importance of the family, and the traditional female role. It was hypothesized that highly religious women and men would respond in a similar manner with a lower value placed on materialism and higher values on importance to the family and traditional female roles. A questionnaire was administered to over 4,000 Protestant, Catholic, and LDS college students. Highly religious groups from each denomination endorsed less materialistic views and supported a more traditional female role; gender differences were greater in the group low on religiosity on the value of the family.

scholarly journals An examination of the attitudes of midwives and nurses towards gender roles and the influencing factorsEbe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumları ve etkileyen faktörlerin incelenmesi

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 823 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songül Aktaş ◽  
Zümrüt Yılar Erkek ◽  
Halil Korkmaz
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Attitude Scale ◽  
English Summary ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
University Graduates ◽  
Black Sea Region

AimThe study was conducted to determine the attitudes of midwives and nurses working in a university hospital in the Black Sea Region towards gender roles and influencing factors.MethodIt was a descriptive study and was carried out with 173 midwives and nurses. The sample size of the study was determined by G power analysis. The data were collected using “Introductory Information Form” and “Social Roles Attitude Scale”.FindingsThe majority of the nurses and midwives participating in the study were female (68.8%), university graduates (61.3%), nurse(92.5%) single (60.7%). Their mean age was 26.98±5.14. Social Roles Attitude Scale scores of midwives and nurses were found to be low. Gender was identified as an important factor influencing social gender attitude.In our study, the egalitarian gender role, female gender role, gender role in marriage, traditional gender role and male gender role scores were found higher in female midwives and nurses than male nurses (p<0.05). As their age increased, the mean scores of the midwives and nurses’ gender role were found to decrease (p <0.05). The single midwives and nurses were found to have more egalitarian gender roles (p <0.05).ConclisuionOne of the factors influencing the gender attitude of midwives and nurses is the education level of the mother. As the mothers’ level of education increased in the study, it was determined that the role of gender was increased in the participants. Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetAmaçÇalışma "Karadeniz Bölgesinde  bir üniversite hastanesinde çalışan ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutumlarını ve etkileyen faktörleri belirlemek amacıyla" yapılmıştır.MetotAraştırmanın tipi tanımlayıcıdır.   Çalışma  173 ebe ve hemşire ile yürütülmüştür. Çalışmanın örneklem büyüklüğü G power analizi ile belirlenmiştir.   Veriler; “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu” ve “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Rolleri Tutum Ölçeği” ile toplanmıştır.BulgularÇalışmaya katılan ebe ve hemşirelerin çoğunluğu;  kadın (%68.8),  üniversite mezunu (%61.3), hemşire (%92.5), ve medeni durumu bekârdır (%60.7). Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması  26.98±5.14, evlilik süresi ortalaması ise  6.07±6.29’dir. Ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerine ilişkin tutum ölçeği puanları  düşük bulunmuştur. Cinsiyet, toplumsal cinsiyet tutumunu etkileyen önemli bir faktör olarak belirlenmiştir.  Çalışmamızda  "eşitlikçi cinsiyet rolü, kadın cinsiyet rolü, evlilikte cinsiyet rolü, geleneksel cinsiyet rolü ve erkek cinsiyet rolü puan ortalamaları" kadın ebe ve hemşirelerde, erkek hemşirelere göre  yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Yaş arttıkça, ebe ve hemşirelerin toplumsal cinsiyet rolü puan ortalamasının düştüğü belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Bekar olan ebe ve hemşirelerin daha fazla eşitlikçi cinsiyet rollerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0.05).Çalışmada annelerin eğitimi düzeyi yükseldikçe, ebe ve hemşirelerinde toplumsal cinsiyet rolünün yükseldiği saptanmıştır.SonuçYaş, cinsiyet, ebeveynlerin eğitim durumu, medeni durum, ailede kararları alma biçimi,  para bütçesinin yönetim şekli  gibi faktörler,  toplumsal cinsiyet rolüne ilişkin tutum puanını etkileyebilmektedir (p<0.05).

Gender Role Orientation and Attitude toward Christianity: A Study among Older Men and Women in the United Kingdom

2005 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie J. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Sex Role ◽  
Older Men ◽  
Role Orientation ◽  
Gender Role Orientation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
Older Men And Women ◽  
Attitude Toward Christianity

A sample of 496 older men and women in England, mainly in their sixties and seventies, completed the Bem Sex Role Inventory together with the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity. The data demonstrated that psychological femininity is key to individual differences in religiosity (as assessed by attitude toward Christianity) within the sexes and that, after taking gender role orientation into account, biological sex conveyed no additional predictive power in respect of individual differences in religiosity (as assessed by attitude toward Christianity). This finding is explained in terms of Eysenck's biologically-based dimensional model of personality which construes psychological masculinity and femininity as one of the seven constituent components of one of the three major dimensions of personality (psychoticism). This psychologically-based theory renders redundant sociologically-based socialization theories designed to account for differences in religiosity between the sexes.

Sex Differences in Moral Judgments? A Test of Gilligan's Theory

1987 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
William J. Friedman ◽  
Amy B. Robinson ◽  
Britt L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Moral Dilemmas ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Personality Measures ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rank Orders

This study was designed to test Gilligan's (1982) claim that men and women differ in moral judgments. One hundred and one college students read four traditional moral dilemmas and rated the importance of 12 considerations for deciding how the protagonist should respond. Six of the statements were derived from the description by Kohlberg et al. (1978) of post-conventional moral reasoning, and six were derived from Gilligan's description of women's style of moral reasoning. Subjects also rated themselves on a measure of sex-typed personality attributes. There were no reliable sex differences on either of the types of moral reasoning, and confidence intervals allowed the rejection of all but negligible differences in the directions predicted by Gilligan's model. Furthermore, men and women showed highly similar rank orders of the items for each dilemma. The personality measures also failed to predict individual differences in moral judgments.

Working Men and Women: Inter- and Intra-Role Conflict

1977 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 319-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne Brett Herman ◽  
Karen Kuczynski Gyllstrom
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Role Conflict ◽  
Social Roles ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Work Role ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Role Responsibilities ◽  
University Setting

Hypotheses about sex differences and inter-social role and intra-work role conflict were tested in a university setting. Results indicate that inter-role conflict is primarily a function of the number of social roles held. There was no number of social roles by sex interaction. Women did perceive greater conflict between work and home maintenance roles than men perceived. Intra-work role conflict is primarily a function of the position of the work role in the organization's structure and the role responsibilities.

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