Review on Dark Web and Its Impact on Internet Governance

Cyber attackers use the Dark Web, a collection of facilities that are not visible to search engines and normal users, to explore a variety of illegal products and services. In this paper, the Dark Web and its impact on internet governance were analyzed. The findings of a review of the literature provide in-depth knowledge on the increasing number of crimes committed on the Dark Web, considering the economic, social, along ethical consequences of cybercrime on the Dark Web, as well as analyzing the consequences and methods for locating the criminals, as well as their drawbacks. Fraudsters, militants, and government-sponsored secret agents used the Dark Web where is among the most popular difficult together with unidentifiable channels to achieve their illicit goals. Crimes that were committed on the Dark Web are similar to criminal offenses committed in the real world. Nevertheless, the sheer size of the Dark Web, the unpredictability of the ecosystem, as well as the privacy and confidentiality afforded by Dark Web services, were also critical challenges in tracing criminals. Measuring the yachting Dark Web crime risks is a critical step in discovering alternative approaches to cybercrime. The study reveals that Dark Web services are available to arrest criminals, as well as digital facts and evidence, should be analyzed and applied in a way that allows Internet Governance.

Controlological perspective for a study of social control of crime

The article aims to consider the possibilities of using the controlological (critical) perspective in the analysis of social control of crime. The author reveals the main provisions of the new sociology of social control, or, in other words, the controlology. These provisions have received support in modern concepts of social control. The article shows the difference between controlological representations from the classical legal discourse. This difference, first of all, concerns the perception of institutional violence of state institutions for combating crime and ensuring security. Discussions, which reflect a critical view of crime control, unfold along three main lines. The first one concerns the consideration of control not only as a tool for maintaining the order established by the state, but also in terms of its negative consequences for individuals and society. The issues related to the selective control of the activities of persons holding a certain status in power and influencing the design of the legal field are considered. The second direction is associated with the analysis of the goals of social control. The methods of segregation of persons against whom the indictment has been issued are presented. In relation to them, the principle of behavioral homogeneity, which manifests itself both in a certain professional “treatment” with prisoners, and in arousing a persistent negative attitude towards them among the population, is implemented. The issue of social and cultural victimization of prisoners is considered. In the third direction, a critical perception of the subject of the activity of crime control agents is traced. Here, the focus of researchers is on the concept of “reliability”, which is discussed in relation to the assessment of crime risks, security means and the legality of actions of control agents. The basic provisions and conclusions in the article are supported by statistical data and the results of various studies.

Red teaming financial crime risks in the banking sector

Purpose In recent years, Australian regulators have focussed on the financial crime compliance obligations of banks and other reporting entities, and there is a clear expectation that banks develop effective approaches to the management of non-financial risk. Red teaming is a methodology used in the intelligence and military domains to understand external threats. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of red teaming methods, set out a framework for using them in financial crime compliance and provide practical examples of red teaming exercises, which banks can use to manage financial crime risks. Design/methodology/approach This paper provides an overview of the financial crime compliance landscape in Australia. It outlines some of the key concepts and techniques used in red teaming, drawing in particular on the framework developed by strategic policy expert Micah Zenko. It explores the benefits of red teaming for financial crime compliance practice, concluding with three example exercises for financial crime teams. Findings Based on this research, red teaming methods can assist banks in taking a proactive approach to identify and mitigating financial crime risks. Rather than confining red teaming to cybersecurity applications, banks should consider they can use red teaming methods in their financial crime compliance functions. Originality/value This paper represents the first assessment of how to apply red teaming methods to risk management in financial crime compliance. It combines a historical and theoretical overview of red teaming methods with example red teaming exercises for money laundering, sanctions and strategic policy scenarios.

On the possibility of the parameters’ standardization in observation aimed at identifying the signs of aggressive behaviour among older preschoolers

The urgency of work on improving the tools of psychologists in the diagnostics of aggressive behavior in childhood is due to the persistence of a high level of aggression among children and adolescents in modern society. According to official statistics on the identification of juvenile offenders having committed criminal acts from the beginning of the year up to May 2018, there were 1,066 crimes in Russia committed by children and adolescents. Although this figure remains rather high in comparison with the previous year. One of the ways to conduct preventive work on prevention of juvenile crime is early diagnostics and the work on correction of child behavior with signs of aggression. Besides addition the urgent problems of macrosocialization (deviant behavior, crime, risks of emotional development, etc.), there are microsocial problems- changing the microclimate of the family, the immediate environment and the children’s team of an aggressive child [6; 17]. The authors of the article examine the method of observation from the point of its application as an independent object of the scientific research in psychology. The analysis was carried out on the existing experience of using the observation method for studying children, including those with health limitations. An original scheme is proposed for standardized observation of pre-school children to identify the signs of their aggressive response. The article deals with the development of a procedure for observation of preschool children behavior to identify in it the signs of aggression, as well as conducting a pilot study of the proposed scheme for senior preschoolers in Moscow and the procedure for approbation of the observation scheme. Also step-by-step work on standardization and verification of the proposed monitoring scheme was described.

Estimating the impact of crime risk on housing prices in Malaysia

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of crime risk on housing prices at a national level in Malaysia during the period from 1988 to 2016. Design/methodology/approach A hedonic regression approach was used to estimate the Malaysian households’ valuation for crime risk. Specifically, the state-level property index on the state-level reported crime rate was regressed while controlling for state-level socioeconomic variables. The macroeconomic panel nature of the data set provides the merit to use a panel dynamic model instead of the traditional static panel data techniques (fixed effects or first difference). Findings Panel dynamic estimators consistently show a negative impact of crime risks on housing prices. The estimated elasticity of housing prices with respect to crime risks ranges from −0.141 to −0.166, in line with existing literature using micro level data. In fact, householders in crime hotspot states are willing to pay more for crime reduction compared to householders in non-hotspot states. The willingness to pay has also increased since the implementation of nationwide crime reduction plans in 2010. Research limitations/implications This is the first study that has examined the Malaysian people’s willingness to pay to reduce crime. This information is important in determining the optimal level of government expenditures for public safety. Originality/value This is the first study to examine the relationship between crime rates and housing prices in Malaysia. This study contributes to the literature by examining the impact of crime rates on housing prices at a national level by using panel dynamic models. The macro level data results are consistent and complement the existing literature based on micro level data.

Geographical Juxtaposition: A New Direction in CPTED

This paper explores Oscar Newman’s Defensible Space (1972) concept of geographical juxtaposition (GJ) highlighting a significant lack of research within the criminological literature over the last 50 years. We argue the concept is a key foundation in understanding crime and crime prevention theories and in developing crime prevention strategies. Findings from a systematic review of the literature are presented to illustrate the paucity of research into geographical juxtaposition. We develop and extend the concept of geographical juxtaposition beyond that originally coined by Newman to include all immediate, local, distant, and remote environmental (physical) factors. Additionally, we demonstrate, by reference to practical criminological situations, the significant and extensive role of our revised concept of geographical juxtaposition. In particular, we point to the way that focusing on geographical juxtaposition identifies serious problems in many taken-for-granted assumptions in planning theory and practice. In exploring the concept of geographical juxtaposition, we highlight ten ways it can affect crime risks and six ways using geographical juxtaposition can benefit efforts to apply crime prevention through environmental design (CPTED) more successfully when conducting a crime risk assessment. Finally, this paper briefly discusses four new CPTED principles, which emerge from our exploration of geographical juxtaposition. We identify new classes of CPTED methods and new ways of analyzing crime and offer the basis for new criminological theories.

PROBLEMS OF BANKING LEGAL RELATIONSHIPS

In modern conditions of management, the aspects of ensuring the stability of banks and the development of the banking system of Ukraine are of particular importance. During 2014-2017 in our country, 88 banks were recognized as insolvent, almost all of them – commercial. This tendency is disappointing. Most scholars assert that the turnaround of the banking system is possible only through the improvement of deposit, credit, and settlement operations. This statement is undoubtedly true, but these scholars forget about the importance of regulating the legal relationships that arise in the banking sector and establishing the interaction between the entities of such legal relationships. The purpose of the research is to determine the essence of banking legal relationships in Ukraine based on the existing scientific approaches, the current legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its implementation, as well as the specific and problematic aspects of harmonizing the interests of the entities of the relevant legal relations. For this purpose, the essence and structure of banking legal relationships are considered. It is determined that the main structural elements of these legal relationships are: 1) objects, 2) the content of banking legal relationships, 3) the basis of banking legal relationships – legal norms and legal facts, 4) entities (participants) – the direct participants in banking relationships, the bearers of mutual rights and obligations. The conclusions of the article state that Ukrainian banking legislation requires a serious revision concerning the coordination of the interests of the entities of banking legal relationships. The key task is to eliminate unnecessary and outdated normative and legal acts that could cause legal confusion or impose excessive burdens on entities of banking legal relationships. In developing the modern regulatory framework for the interaction of entities of banking relationships, a new rapid spread of cyber-risks, compliance risks and financial crime risks, which significantly affects the state of the banking system and is not reflected in the current banking legislation of Ukraine, should be taken into consideration. Banks as the main entities of banking relationships should assume risks and financial responsibility. It will contribute to the stabilization of the banking system of Ukraine and the economic development of the national economy.

3D printing poses complex crime risks globally

Subject 3D printing crime. Significance Additive manufacturing -- a broad term for constructing objects by laying down myriad thin layers -- is currently most evident in 3D printing, using a material, usually a polymer, deposited through a computer-controlled nozzle according to a pre-modelled blueprint. Other base ingredients are being investigated that will in due course allow the additive manufacturing of products from chemicals to human organs, all of which have significant security implications. Impacts The impact on access to conventional weapons will be minimal given the existing black market. The scope for a massive proliferation in improvised explosive devices and other tools will transform terrorism. The opportunities for production of drugs will make interdiction at borders ineffective. Sanctions regimes based on controlling access to components will become increasingly redundant.