Feasibility Analysis of Freshwater Fish Farming Business at Karya Mulya Fish Farming Group, Banyumas Regency

This study aims to determine the feasibility of freshwater fish farming as an effort to support the minapolitan area of the Banyumas Regency. The research was carried out in Karang Lewas District. Data collection was carried out proportionally by interviewing the fish farmers of each fish farming group. Data analysis on the feasibility of fish farming was performed using the B/C ratio, PP, and BEP (Break-Even Point) criteria. The analysis method of the business feasibility was an analysis of business costs and income. Results of the analysis of B/C ratio value in fish farming was 1.13 to 1.69, BEP calculation used data according to the respondents, while the Payback Period (PP) of the fish farming ranged between 1.00-1.49 meaning that the capital return in less than 5 years. Those values state that the activities of freshwater fish farming have a capital return of more or less over 1 - 1.5 years. It shows that the business of freshwater fish farming in both hatcheries and fish rearing is feasible to maintain.

Two Sets of Initial Conditions on Boreal Forest Carbon Storage Economics

Two sets of initial conditions are used in the investigation of capital return rate and carbon storage in boreal forests. Firstly, a growth model is applied in young stands as early as the inventory-based model is applicable. Secondly, the growth model is applied to observed wooded stands. Four sets of thinning schedules are investigated in either case. First, the capital return rate is aspired without any restriction. Second, the number of thinnings is restricted to at most one. Third, thinnings are restricted to the removal of only trees thicker than 237 mm. Fourth, commercial thinnings are omitted. The two sets of initial conditions yield similar results. The capital return rate is a weak function of rotation age, which results in variability in the optimal number of thinnings. Reducing the number of thinnings to one increases timber stock but induces a capital return rate deficiency. The deficiency per excess volume unit is smaller if the severity of any thinning is restricted by the removal of large trees only. Omission of thinnings best applies to spruce-dominated stands with stem count less than 2000/ha. Restricted thinning intensity applies to deciduous stands and dense pine stands. The albedo effect increases the benefits of restricted thinnings and increased clearcuttings instead of contradicting the carbon storage.

Two Sets of Initial Conditions on Boreal Forest Carbon Storage Economics

Two sets of initial conditions are used in the investigation of capital return rate and carbon storage in boreal forests. Firstly, a growth model is applied in young stands as early as the inventory-based model is applicable. Secondly, the growth model is applied to observed wooded stands. Four sets of thinning schedules are investigated in either case. First, the capital return rate is aspired without any restriction. Second, the number of thinnings is restricted to at most one. Third, thinnings are restricted to the removal of only trees thicker than 237 mm. Fourth, commercial thinnings are omitted. The two sets of initial conditions yield similar results. The capital return rate is a weak function of rotation age, which results in variability in the optimal number of thinnings. Reducing the number of thinnings to one increases timber stock but induces a capital return rate deficiency. The deficiency per excess volume unit is smaller if the severity of any thinning is restricted by the removal of large trees only. Omission of thinnings best applies to spruce-dominated stands with stem count less than 2000/ha. Restricted thinning intensity applies to deciduous stands and dense pine stands.

Capital Return Rate and Carbon Storage on Forest Estates of Three Boreal Tree Species

In this study, the capital return rate and carbon storage on forest estates with three boreal tree species are discussed. A growth model is applied, along with verified yield models of sawlogs and veneer logs. Using the normal forest principle, thinning schedules and rotation ages maximizing the estate-level capital return rate are clarified. Regeneration expenses are amortized at the end of any rotation. Capitalizations are greater and rotations longer than in recent studies. The capital return rate is a weak function of initial stem count and rotation age but differs by tree species. The initial stem count strongly contributes to biomass stored in trees. Omission of thinnings increases carbon storage very effectively but requires financial compensation. The most promising way of increasing the capital return rate is the reduction of regeneration expenses. Thinnings are triggered by stand volumes of at least 200 m3/ha. The average commercial trunk volume of trees removed in thinnings always exceeds 200 L. Risk aversion theory proposes short rotations and low stem count in seedling planting unless carbon storage compensation exists. Even a small carbon storage compensation justifies increased seedling counts and extended rotations.

Growth and Yield of Three Boreal Tree Species

Growth and yield of boreal tree species are discussed. A growth model is applied, along with verified yield models of sawlogs and veneer logs. Using the normal forest-principle, thinning schedules and rotation ages maximizing the estate-level capital return rate are clarified. Regeneration expenses are amortized at the end of any rotation. Consequently, capitalizations are greater and rotations longer than in recent studies. The capital return rate is a weak function of initial stem count but differs by tree species. The initial stem count strongly contributes to biomass stored in trees. The most promising way of increasing the capital return rate is the reduction of regeneration expenses. Thinnings are triggered by stand volumes of at least 200 m3/ha. The average commercial trunk volume of trees removed in thinnings always exceeds 200 liters. Risk aversion theory proposes short rotations and low stem count in seedling planting unless carbon storage compensation exists.

Production strategy influence on the economic viability of a family fish farm in Pará state, Amazon, Brazil

The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of the adoption of single-phase and two-phase system on the economic feasibility of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) family production in the Tracuateua municipality, Pará state. The operational cost methodology and economic efficiency indicators were adopted to compare these rearing systems. The annual production was 4,200 kg and 5,826 kg. The operational costs were R$ 26,169.00 and R$ 34,365.00, the total operational cost was R$ 27,505 and R$ 35,701.00, and the total operational cost per kg was R$ 6.55 and R$ 6.13 for single-phase and two-phase systems, respectively. Regarding the indicators, the net present value was R$ 24,180.70, the internal rate of return was 24%, the cost-benefit ratio was 1.19, and the capital return period was four years in the single-phase system. In the two-phase period, the net present value was R$ 48,582.06, the internal rate of return was 29%, the cost-benefit ratio was 1.25, and the capital return period was 3.6 years. Despite the demand for greater investment, the two-phase system proved to be more profitable than the single-phase system, promoting even a reduction in unit production cost.

Factor-digital model of the company’s capital in the context of sustainable economic development

The article discusses methodological, methodological and practical approaches to the development of a factor-digital model in the context of sustainable economic development for optimizing the capital structure, which focuses on the principles of the concept, including the effective use of equity capital, return on equity; the need for efficient use of borrowed capital. It is the balance sheet component that provides a comparison of group criteria for enhancing financial and economic activity. During COVID-19 and the post-pandemic state, the schemes of proof algorithms for equity capital play an important role in the practical application of the factor-digital capital model, which allows in practice to skillfully manage group criteria: cash flows (financial, investment, etc.), liquidity and solvency.

Streaming platforms’ contribution to capitalization of local audio-visual producers in Mexico and Canada

This article examines the contribution of streaming platforms in providing financial investment – in the form of co-productions, commissions and acquisitions of audio-visual content – as well as capital returns to local audio-visual producers. It will focus on the North American region, particularly on Mexico and Canada, as gravitating around stronger US audio-visual companies. Studies of traditional audio-visual windows in the countries studied have pointed out the undercapitalization of independent content producers due to financial structures and capital return models that are disadvantageous to them. This article questions: what is streaming’s contribution, as a new commercialization window, to the capitalization of local independent producers? The research conducted a qualitative study of interviews with film producers and distributors as well as an industrial analysis based on previous studies, media and business reports. The research has found that streaming tends to provide: (1) equal or slightly less returns than what the DVD window used to offer; and (2) equal or more generous figures than those delivered by TV and cinema exhibition windows. Furthermore, streaming has promoted a burgeoning production activity – adding to the production from traditional players (film and TV). These are benefits that should not be overlooked. However, streaming has not altered independent producers’ disadvantageous position: (1) revenue shares are still relatively small; (2) licences represent small percentages of what content costs to make; (3) commissioning and co-production budgets are fairly close to production costs; and (4) the boom of platforms’ original production is actually a battle among large corporations to control intellectual property (IP). All the above keep hindering the financial capacity of local independent producers.