Perkembangan S-Select dan C-Select dalam Kalimat Anak Usia 4-9 Tahun

<div align="center"><table width="645" border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td valign="top" width="439"><p class="Abstract"><strong>Abstract:</strong> The development of a child’s sentences is influenced by the development of his age. The development of a child’s sentences is seen based on the suitability of the word selection with the meaning between predicate and argumen (s-select) and suitability of the categorial selection with the sentence element function between predicate and argumen (c-select). This study aims to describe the development of s-select and c-select in sentences of children 4-9 years old. This research uses qualitative approach. This research type is cross-sectional. Data in this research are children’s sentences containings-select and c-select from children utterances 4-9 years old. There are 3 research result from s-select sentences (1) children aged 4-8 years mastering 11 theta roles and children aged 9 years 13 theta roles, (2) there are 4 kinds of s-select sentences based on the number of the theta roles present, and (3) there are 3 theta roles that can occupy in external arguments, 3 theta roles in internal arguments, 6 theta roles in complement, and 6 theta roles in adjunct. There are 2 research result from c-select sentences (1) child sentences are developed with lexical core V, N, Adj, Num. and Prep and (2) External and internal arguments with categories FN, FN with adjunct, FN coordination, complement with categories FN, FN with adjunct, FN coordination, FA, FV, FNum, and FPrep, and adjunct categorized as FN, FA, and FPrep in sentences with FV predicate, while the other four sentences with FN and FPrep as adjunct.</p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong>: </strong>Perkembangan kalimat anak dipengaruhi perkembangan usianya. Perkembangan kalimat anak dilihat dari kesesuaian pemilihan kata dengan makna antara predikat dengan argumennya (<em>s-select</em>) dan kesesuaian pemilihan komponen kategori frasa dengan fungsi unsur kalimat antara predikat dengan argumennya (<em>c-select</em>). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan perkembangan <em>s-select</em> dan <em>c-select </em>dalam kalimat anak usia 4-9 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Jenis penelitian ini adalah <em>cross-sectional research</em> (lintas-seksi). Data penelitian ini adalah kalimat anak yang mengandung <em>s-select </em>dan <em>c-select</em> yang bersumber dari tuturan anak usia 4-9 tahun. Hasil penelitian perkembangan kalimat secara <em>s-select </em>ada tiga, yaitu (1) anak usia 4-8 tahun menguasai 11 peran theta dan anak usia 9 tahun 13 peran theta, (2) ada empat macam <em>s-select</em> kalimat berdasarkan jumlah peran theta yang hadir, dan (3) ada tiga peran theta yang dapat menduduki argumen luar, tiga peran theta pada argumen dalam, enam peran theta pada komplemen, dan enam peran theta pada keterangan tambahan. Hasil penelitian perkembangan kalimat secara <em>c-select </em>ada dua, yaitu (1) kalimat anak dikembangkan dengan inti leksikal V, N, Adj, Num, dan Prep dan (2) argumen luar dan dalam dengan kategori FN, FN berpenjelas dan FN koordinasi, komplemen dengan kategori FN, FN berpenjelas, FN koordinasi, FV, FA, FNum, dan FPrep, dan keterangan tambahan berkategori FN, FA, dan FPrep pada kalimat berpredikat FV, sedangkan keempat kalimat berpredikat yang lain berkategori FN dan FPrep pada keterangan tambahannya.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

Genome-wide quantification of the effects of DNA methylation on human gene regulation

Changes in DNA methylation are important in development and disease, but not all regulatory elements act in a methylation-dependent (MD) manner. Here, we developed mSTARR-seq, a high-throughput approach to quantify the effects of DNA methylation on regulatory element function. We assay MD activity in 14% of the euchromatic human genome, identify 2,143 MD regulatory elements, and predict MD activity using sequence and chromatin state information. We identify transcription factors associated with higher activity in unmethylated or methylated states, including an association between pioneer transcription factors and methylated DNA. Finally, we use mSTARR-seq to predict DNA methylation-gene expression correlations in primary cells. Our findings provide a map of MD regulatory activity across the human genome, facilitating interpretation of the many emerging associations between methylation and trait variation.

The pioneer factor OCT4 requires the chromatin remodeller BRG1 to support gene regulatory element function in mouse embryonic stem cells

Pioneer transcription factors recognise and bind their target sequences in inaccessible chromatin to establish new transcriptional networks throughout development and cellular reprogramming. During this process, pioneer factors establish an accessible chromatin state to facilitate additional transcription factor binding, yet it remains unclear how different pioneer factors achieve this. Here, we discover that the pluripotency-associated pioneer factor OCT4 binds chromatin to shape accessibility, transcription factor co-binding, and regulatory element function in mouse embryonic stem cells. Chromatin accessibility at OCT4-bound sites requires the chromatin remodeller BRG1, which is recruited to these sites by OCT4 to support additional transcription factor binding and expression of the pluripotency-associated transcriptome. Furthermore, the requirement for BRG1 in shaping OCT4 binding reflects how these target sites are used during cellular reprogramming and early mouse development. Together this reveals a distinct requirement for a chromatin remodeller in promoting the activity of the pioneer factor OCT4 and regulating the pluripotency network.

Telomerase RNA stem terminus element affects template boundary element function, telomere sequence, and shelterin binding

The stem terminus element (STE), which was discovered 13 y ago in human telomerase RNA, is required for telomerase activity, yet its mode of action is unknown. We report that the Schizosaccharomyces pombe telomerase RNA, TER1 (telomerase RNA 1), also contains a STE, which is essential for telomere maintenance. Cells expressing a partial loss-of-function TER1 STE allele maintained short stable telomeres by a recombination-independent mechanism. Remarkably, the mutant telomere sequence was different from that of wild-type cells. Generation of the altered sequence is explained by reverse transcription into the template boundary element, demonstrating that the STE helps maintain template boundary element function. The altered telomeres bound less Pot1 (protection of telomeres 1) and Taz1 (telomere-associated in Schizosaccharomyces pombe 1) in vivo. Thus, the S. pombe STE, although distant from the template, ensures proper telomere sequence, which in turn promotes proper assembly of the shelterin complex.