testicular degeneration
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2021 ◽  
pp. 144-150
Author(s):  
Albert Barth ◽  
John P. Kastelic

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 721-734
Author(s):  
Maurício Francisco Vieira Neto ◽  
◽  
Bruna Farias Brito ◽  
Marcimar Silva Sousa ◽  
Maria Gorete Flores Salles ◽  
...  

Testicular degeneration is highly prevalent in ruminants reared in a tropical climate in Brazil. It is therefore necessary to assess semen quality periodically in this animals. The objective of this work was to define standards images (thermograms) by using infrared thermography (TIV), associated with computerized seminal evaluation (CASA) to predict testicular alterations in a non-invasive way. For this, 10 goat males were selected, and testis insulated to evaluate the seminal quality and testicular superficial temperature recorded in four different moments: before, during and early and later after insulation. Semen collections and rectal temperatures (TR) and superficial testis (TS) by TIV were assessed for 60 days after insulation. Data were expressed in media and standard errors and analysis of variation (ANOVA) with comparison between the moments using Tukey test at 5% of probability. Changes in seminal quality followed the same standard of changes in TS, with no influence of the latter one on rectal temperature. The mean testicular temperature increased more than 2 degrees above the normal mean testis temperature, with significant increasing (p <0.05) in the moment during in relation to the moments before and post insulation, and concomitantly reduction in seminal parameters and almost normal return to 60 days post insulation. These changes in testis surface temperatures associated with semen analysis allowed to get patterns images of testicular degeneration, permitting to predict by TIV testis alterations for later assess of seminal quality.


2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariana Andrade Mousquer ◽  
Bruna Da Rosa Curcio ◽  
Vitória Müller ◽  
Eliza Piemolini ◽  
Camila Gervini Wendt ◽  
...  

Background: Complete avulsion of the hoof in horses, also known as exungulation, is not a commonly reported injury and usually leads to euthanasia due to the great amount of tissue loss, intense pain, secondary complications, expensive and lengthy treatment. It can involve deep structures and cause different complications leading to chronic lameness. In stallions affected by such injury, the reproductive tract and performance may also be affected. The aim of this study was to report a case of complete avulsion of the right front hoof in a Criollo stallion and subsequent bilateral testicular degeneration.Case: A 10-year-old Criollo stallion was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV- UFPel) with a complete avulsion of the left front hoof. At admission, the stallion had clinical parameters compatible with intense pain and blood loss. Evaluation of the wound demonstrated that the distal end of the third phalanx (P3) was exposed but no fracture was detected on radiological evaluation. No other structure was apparently affected. Initially, anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone) and opioid (morphine) was given for pain control and supportive fluid therapy was started to restore hydration. Antibiotic (Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim) were administered for 10 days. Continued therapy with phenylbutazone, pentoxifylline, omeprazole and supplementation with methionine, biotin and zinc was also given. Local treatment was carried out by cleaning the wound, applying an antimicrobial ointment and dressing it with a bandage. Wound management was adapted according to the evolution and healing process. The stallion was kept in stall rest during its hospitalization time. In the second month after the injury, accumulation of liquid in the scrotum was observed. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation lead to a presumptive diagnosis of testicular degeneration. The stallion was discharged after three months when the wound was almost healed and the hoof had started to grow. Six month later, a follow up by the referring vet showed that the hoof was almost completely grown and the x-ray assessment demonstrated a cranial rotation and resorption of the distal end of the third phalanx.Discussion: The stallion of this report had a complete avulsion of the hoof capsule caused by trauma. Conservative treatment was established including wound cleaning and dressing to avoid contamination, control of pain and inflammation, antimicrobial care and supplementation to support hoof growth. Time period for wound healing and hoof growth was in agreement with other cases described previously. Bone sequestrum of the distal end of the third phalanx, and detachment of a fragment were observed in this case, followed by bone resorption. The stallion was closely monitored to prevent laminitis in the contralateral limb and no alterations were detected during the treatment period. Testicular degeneration was observed, probably caused as a consequence of hoof avulsion and due to a long period of stall rest. Degenerative alterations in testicles interfere with thermoregulation and spermatogenesis, affecting semen quality and reproductive performance. Rotation of the third phalanx was also observed six months later caused by the hoof loss. In conclusion, the patient of this report had a complete regrowth of the hoof capsule although a long intensive treatment was necessary to achieve this result. As a consequence, testicles degeneration may happen impairing its function as a stallion.Keywords: exungulation,hoof trauma, degenerative changes.


2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Ahmed Tibary ◽  
Alexis Campbell ◽  
Jacobo S. Rodriguez ◽  
Agustin J. Ruiz ◽  
Cristian Patino ◽  
...  

Llamas and alpacas are important production animals in South America, with increasing interest in other parts of the world. Poor reproductive efficiency combined with several unique anatomical and physiological reproductive features offer challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in camelids. This review presents an approach to the clinical investigation and common causes of infertility and subfertility in the male and female. The selection of males for breeding should be made based on complete evaluation to eliminate congenital and possibly hereditary disorders. Common disorders of the male reproductive system include testicular hypoplasia, testicular and epididymal cysts and testicular degeneration. Semen evaluation presents some challenges owing to the viscous nature of the ejaculate in these species. Females should be screened for congenital genital defects before breeding. Causes of subfertility in the female are dominated by ovarian and uterine disorders. A systematic clinical approach and the use of endometrial biopsy and advanced techniques, such as laparoscopy, allow early identification of these disorders. Further research is needed for continued understanding of the reproductive pathological processes in these species.


2020 ◽  
pp. jbc.RA120.016031
Author(s):  
Corinna Göppner ◽  
Audrey H. Soria ◽  
Maja B Hoegg-Beiler ◽  
Thomas J. Jentsch

The ClC-2 chloride channel is expressed in the plasma membrane of almost all mammalian cells. Mutations that cause the loss of ClC-2 function lead to retinal and testicular degeneration and leukodystrophy, whereas gain of function mutations cause hyper­aldosteronism. Leukodystrophy is also observed with a loss of GlialCAM, a cell adhesion molecule which binds to ClC-2 in glia. GlialCAM changes the localization of ClC-2 and opens the channel by altering its gating. We now used cell-type specific deletion of ClC-2 in mice to show that retinal and testicular degeneration depend on a loss of ClC-2 in retinal pigment epithelial cells and Sertoli cells, respectively, whereas leukodystrophy was fully developed only when ClC-2 was disrupted in both astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. The leukodystrophy of Glialcam-/- mice could not be rescued by crosses with Clcn2op/op mice in which a mutation mimics the ‘opening’ of ClC-2 by GlialCAM. These data indicate that GlialCAM-induced changes in biophysical properties of ClC-2 are irrelevant for GLIALCAM-related leukodystrophy. Taken together, our findings suggest that the pathology caused by Clcn2 disruption results from disturbed extracellular ion homeostasis and identifies the cells involved in this process.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-154
Author(s):  
Chike Fidelis Oguejiofor ◽  
Kenneth Orji Anya ◽  
Nnaemeka Kingsley Ogbanya

Testicular degeneration is an important cause of poor fertility in dogs, but there is little knowledge on its effects on spermatozoa in affected dogs. The study investigated the specific effects of unilateral testicular degeneration (UTD) on spermatozoal characteristics in the testis and epididymis. Ten sexually mature Nigerian indigenous breed of dogs, comprising 5 normal dogs and 5 dogs with UTD were used for the study. The testis and epididymis were removed via orchidectomy for morphological and histopathological evaluation. Sperm in the testis and cauda epididymis were analysed. The samples were grouped into four as N1 (normal right testis), N2 (normal left testis), ND (non-degenerated testis in UTD dogs), and D (degenerated testis in UTD dogs). Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA. There were significant decreases (p<0.001) in testes weight, length, width and volume, and the gonado-somatic index in the D testes compared to the contralateral ND and the N groups. The D group also had significantly lowered epididymal sperm total and progressive motility, viability and concentration (p<0.001), and a decreased testicular sperm  concentration (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a decreased percentage (p<0.001) of morphologically normal sperm, with increased prevalence of  sperm abnormalities in the D group compared to the other groups. In comparison with the N groups, the ND group had a significantly lowered (p<0.05) epididymal sperm progressive motility, with increased percentage (p<0.01) of sperm with proximal cytoplasmic droplets and looped tails. The findings demonstrated that UTD in dogs adversely affected spermatozoa in the testis and cauda epididymis. There was also evidence of compromised spermatozoa in the epididymis contralateral to the degenerated testis. Keywords: Canine; Epididymis; Spermatozoa; Testicular atrophy; Testicular degeneration


Andrologia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunlian Liu ◽  
Jiwei Gu ◽  
Wenqian Ma ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Mengling Song ◽  
...  

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David González-Barrio ◽  
Carlos Diezma-Díaz ◽  
Enrique Tabanera ◽  
Elena Aguado-Criado ◽  
Manuel Pizarro ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéssica Aline Withoeft ◽  
Maísa Chicocca ◽  
Fábio Santiani ◽  
Leonardo Silva Da Costa ◽  
Karina Aline Mateus ◽  
...  

Background: Immunocastration is a less invasive and painless procedure compared to surgical castration, which causes greater stress to animals, especially when performed improperly. Immunocastration stimulates the production of antibodies against Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH), temporarily blocking the hormone production by the male gonads. Anatomopathological evaluation of animals submitted to immunocastration with the establishment of different degrees of testicular degeneration helps to evaluate the efficacy of the different dose ranges used for this procedure. Because of the scarcity of information about this procedure in young bulls, the study aimed to compare the immunocastrated and non-castrated animals.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighteen Angus-Limousin bulls were used from weaning (7 ± 1 months) to slaughtering (15 ± 1 months) with the establishment of two groups composed of nine non-castrated (NC) and nine immunocastrated (IC) animals. In the IC group, three doses of GnRH synthesis inhibitor vaccine (Bopriva®) were applied on days 0 (weaning), 87 and 223. At slaughter, scrotal circumference, weight (kg), width (cm), length (cm) and total size (width x length) of the testicles were obtained, then were routinely processed for histopathological analysis. Four degrees of testicular degeneration was established: grade 0 (no changes), grade 1 (mild), grade 2 (moderate) and grade 3 (severe). Statistical analysis was performed using Student's t-test to compare the means of macroscopic variables. The scrotal circumference started to decrease in the IC animals on day 132, with a certain growth from day 194. There was a significant difference between the two groups for width (P = 0.001), length (P = 0.004), total size (P = 0.003) and scrotal circumference (P = 0.04). Testicles of the IC group tended to be lighter (P = 0.06). The final difference between the groups was 6.3 cm for scrotal perimeter, with respective averages of 27.44 cm and 33.77 cm for the IC and NC group, respectively. In the microscopic evaluation, NC animals obtained grade 0. In the IC animals, 33.33% (3/9) had degeneration grade 1 with slight basement membrane tortuosity and Sertoli cell atrophy, 33.33% (3/9) obtained grade 2 with moderate tortuosity and thickening of seminiferous tubules, Sertoli and Leydig cell atrophy, and absence of spermatogenesis and 33.33% (3/9) reached grade 3, with decreased seminiferous tubules and a severe and diffuse atrophy of Leydig and Sertoli cells and complete absence of spermatogenesis, with a 1:5 ratio in seminiferous tubule diameter between NC and IC grade 3 animals, respectively.Discussion: There was a significant difference in several testicular macroscopic aspects between the two groups, similar to values using eight months old field-bred animals, with a difference of 8.78 cm between groups, also with the use of three doses of Bopriva. The only macroscopic variable that showed just a tendency of difference between the groups was testicular weight, whereas, in a study with crossbred animals with nine months old, there was a difference of 152 g in testicular weight between groups. Histologically, in immunocastrated two-year-old Nelore cattle, 85% demonstrated a total absence of spermatogenesis and 15% had a partial reduction, suggesting functional recovery of Sertoli cells after the last vaccination booster or partial inhibition of spermatogenesis. In this study, 90-day dose intervals produced effective immunization during 105 days, which is the suggested period for the third dose. The anatomopathological analysis proved to be effective for the comparison between the groups and the degree of the promoted degeneration.


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