Effect of Phosphate and Bio Fertilizers (Trichoderma Harizanum) on The Vegetative and Flowering Growth of Clover Plant (Dianthus Caryophyllus)

Plants need an optimum nutrition range as well as a least necessary limit. Below this minimum level, plants start to present nutrient deficiency signs, so the experiment was conducted in a Plastic Greenhouse of the department of plant protection at the College of Agriculture, the University of Al-Anbar from 20/8/2020 to 20/6/2021 to know study the effect of the superphosphate fertilizer four levels (0,1.5,3 and, 4.5) gm/kg soil and Trichoderma harzianum with three levels (0, 5, and 10) gm/kg soil on growth of Clover Plant. Those variables were used, in addition to the interaction between them, to study the effects on the vegetation and flowering characteristics. The best results were obtained when using the at the treatment of Phosphate fertilizer P2O5 with 4.5 gm and biological fungus with 10 gm/kg soil. The result was leaf area was 12 cm2, Chlorophyll 87.18 mg/100gm damp weight, Anthocyanin 40.12 per g dry weight, flower diameter 9.58 cm, and the surface area of roots was 70.74 cm2.

Cytotoxic Effects of Trifolium pratense, Baptisia australis, and Rubus idaeus Extracts on CHO-K1 Cells

The cytotoxic effects of red clover, blue false indigo, and red raspberry plant extracts were evaluated on CHO-K1 cells. The hormone-dependent CHO-K1 cells are ovarian cells derived from Chinese hamsters. Trifolium pratense (red clover) extracts were obtained from the blossoms and leaves of the red clover plant. Baptisia australis (blue false indigo) extracts were obtained from the roots, stems, and leaves of the blue false indigo plant. Rubus idaeus (red raspberry) extracts were prepared from the fruits of the red raspberry plant. Two methods, soxhlet and microwave assisted extractions, were utilized and evaluated for their effectiveness in producing phyto extracts. Methanol was the solvent used in both methods. In all experiments, the CHO-K1 cell line was exposed to the different extracts for a period of 48 hours. An MTS assay was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the cytotoxic capabilities of each extract at different concentrations on the CHO-K1 cell line. After the collection of all the data, the 1:1 combination of red clover and red raspberry extracts, obtained via soxhlet extraction, yielded the most potent cytotoxic effects on the CHO-K1 cell line.

Investigating the toxicity of the leaf extracts of lotus

Lotus croniculatus belongs to Fabaceae family and grows in the temperate regions and grasslands of the countries of Africa and America. The plant is commonly known as common bird’s foot tree foil. The plant is a herb and appears to be clover plant. The flowers of the plant are used mainly to induce sleep and other effects that regard to brain and heart. The plant is used to reduce spasms in the digestive tract. The infusions that are diluted to certain extent are helpful to reduce the anxiety and insomnia and also to treat exhaustion. Inspite of the possession of lot of pharmacological activities, the plant is to be studied in a detailed manner for the toxicity also. Medicinal plants are known to cause low adverse effects and high potency. In the present investigation, the acute and chronic toxicity levels of the plant Lotus croniculatus extract of leaves was studied in laboratory animals. It is indicated that the animals did not show any change in behavior in acute toxicity and no mortality too. The extract also showed no signs of toxicity and change of values in the blood cells, liver enzymes and also kidney function tests were also normal at the dose of 2g/kg which denotes the safety of the plant in rats.

FITOREMEDIASI DENGAN WETLAND SYSTEM MENGGUNAKAN ECENG GONDOK (Eichhornia crassipes), GENJER (Limnocharis flava), DAN SEMANGGI (Marsilea crenata) UNTUK MENGOLAH AIR LIMBAH DOMESTIK

AbstrakSemakin banyaknya pemukiman yang dibangun di bantaran sungai di Yogyakarta membuat sungai tercemar limbah rumah tangga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas tanaman eceng gondok (Eichhornia crassipes), genjer (Limnocharis flava), dan semanggi (Marsilea crenata) sebagai fitoremediator dengan wetland system dalam pengolahan air limbah domestik. Tahap pelaksanaan penelitian fitoremediasi diawali dengan pengukuran parameter air limbah yaitu pH, suhu, DO, BOD, dan TDS. Setelah itu, dilakukan aklimatisasi tanaman pada reaktor yang berisi air dan wetland selama 1 minggu. Terdapat empat perlakuan (P1, P2, P3, dan P4) yang digunakan, yaitu P1: air limbah + wetland (sebagai kontrol), P2: air limbah + wetland + 1 eceng gondok, P3: air limbah + wetland + 1 genjer, P4: air limbah + wetland + 1 semanggi. Terdapat 2x pengulangan selama masa retensi 12 hari, 2 variasi pengenceran yaitu 10x dan 100x. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tanaman genjer mampu meningkatkan kadar DO sebesar 50% dan menurunkan kadar BOD sebesar 78%, serta tanaman semanggi mampu menurunkan kadar TDS sebesar 41,4%. Angka ini mencerminkan bahwa penggunaan tanaman-tanaman tersebut memiliki potensi besar dalam membantu pemurnian air.Abstract The increasing number of settlements built along the river banks in Yogyakarta resulted in household waste entering the river. This study aims at determining the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), genjer (Limnocharis flava), and clover (Marsilea crenata) as phytoremediators, in a wetland system. Firstly, wastewater parameters such as pH, temperature, DO, BOD, and TDS are measured. After that, plants were acclimatized in the reactors containing water and substrate derived from a wetland for 7 days. There were four treatments applied in this research (P1, P2, P3, and P4), P1: wastewater + wetland (as control), P2: wastewater + wetland + 1 water hyacinth, P3: wastewater + wetland + 1 genjer, P4: wetland water + wetland + 1 clover. Each treatment was replicated twice during the 12 days retention period, and 2 variations of dilution of 10x and 100x. The results indicated that genjer plant was capable of increasing the DO level by 50% and lowering the BOD level by 78%, and the clover plant was able to decrease the TDS level by 41.4%. Those results reveal that the use of the plants has huge potential in helping water purification.

Herbicide Placement Site Affects Small Broomrape (Orobanche minor) Control in Red Clover

Small broomrape is an annual holoparasitic weed that was recently discovered in red clover production fields in Oregon. Imidazolinone herbicides such as imazamox control small broomrape; however, the mechanism of uptake by the parasite is largely unknown. Studies were conducted to determine the imazamox route of uptake by small broomrape in red clover, and to determine the potential for imazamox to be exuded from red clover and the subsequent effect on small broomrape. Small broomrape control was best at 90% when imazamox was foliar-applied, and worst at 42% or less when imazamox was soil-applied. The presence of activated charcoal to adsorb imazamox at the soil surface did not affect efficacy of broadcast foliar treatment. Small broomrape control was also evaluated when a foliar-treated red clover plant was grown in the same pot as a nontreated, parasitized red clover plant that was bagged during herbicide application. Activated charcoal was spread on the soil surface to adsorb imazamox, thus limiting herbicide uptake routes to the foliage of one of two red clover plants in the pot. Small broomrape attachment decreased on nontreated red clover when the other red clover plant in the pot was treated, suggesting roots exuded the herbicide or an active metabolite.

Herbal remedies and anticoagulant therapy

SummaryHerbal remedies, considered to be both safe and effective by most consumers, may interact with conventional drugs.Warfarin, a vitamin K antagonist originally derived from the sweet clover plant, has a narrow therapeutic window which can be monitored using prothrombin international normalized ratios (PT-INR). Many herbs can increase the risk for bleeding when combined with warfarin, either by augmenting the anticoagulant effects of the drug (with increased PT-INR levels) or through intrinsic anti-platelet properties (without altering PT-INR levels). The increased risk for bleeding among such patients may be difficult to predict, especially when formulas which contain many herbs are used. Further research into herb-drug interactions is warranted, as are guidelines for the use of herbal remedies by patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy.

The behaviour of adult Sitona lepidus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera Curculionidae) in response to white clover

Individual adult Sitona lepidus were given the choice between damaged or undamaged seedlings mature plants of white clover damp soil or a blank in laboratory experiments carried out in a simple olfactometer Adult weevils displayed five different behavioural responses two of which head lifting and antennal movement appeared to be associated with host location In choice tests 7484 of adults chose a white clover plant over the blank or damp soil When given a choice 72 of adults selected white clover seedlings over mature plants Root and leaf damage did not affect response of S lepidus to white clover seedlings