RIQUEZA E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DE MACRÓFITAS AQUÁTICAS NO RIO GUARIBAS, PICOS, PIAUÍ

As macrófitas aquáticas desempenham importantes funções no ambiente aquático, contribuindo para a estruturação ambiental e para o equilíbrio biológico. O presente estudo teve como objetivo conhecer a riqueza biológica e a distribuição de macrófitas aquáticas no rio Guaribas, município de Picos, Piauí, corpo d’água do semiárido fortemente alterado por ações antrópicas. Para isso, amostras foram coletadas mensalmente em cinco estações no trecho urbano do referido rio, no período de setembro/2018 a fevereiro/2019. Para a coleta dos vegetais utilizou-se um quadrante com lados de 25 cm (0,0625 m2). O material foi conduzido para o Laboratório de Botânica da Universidade Federal do Piauí, campus de Picos, onde foi lavado, separado e identificado. Foram listadas 24 espécies distribuídas em 13 famílias botânicas, entre as quais foram mais representativas: Poaceae (5), Cyperaceae (3), Fabaceae (3), Araceae (2), Convolvulaceae (2) e Polygonaceae (2). As formas biológicas mais comuns foram as anfíbias e emergentes, anfíbias e as flutuantes livres. A maior riqueza florística ocorreu nos meses de fevereiro e setembro com 18 e 16 espécies, respectivamente. Conclui-se que a diversidade de macrófitas aquáticas do rio Guaribas sofreu influência dos fatores ambientais e antrópicos sendo favorecida pelo evento de chuvas, sucessão de espécies e eutrofização do corpo d’água.RICHNESS AND DISTRIBUTION OF AQUATIC MACROPHYTES SPECIES IN THE GUARIBAS RIVER, PICOS, PIAUÍ STATEABSTRACTAquatic macrophytes play important roles in the aquatic environment, contributing to environmental structuring and biological balance. The present study had as objective to know how environmental factors interfere in the biological richness and in the distribution of aquatic macrophytes in theGuaribas river, water body of the semiarid strongly altered by anthropic actions, municipality of Picos, Piauí. For that, samples were collected monthly in five stations in the urban section of the referred river, from September / 2018 to February / 2019. For the sampling of vegetables, a quadrant with sides of 25 cm (0.0625 m2) was used. The material was taken to the Botany Laboratory ofthe Federal University of Piauí, Picos campus, where it was washed, separated and identified. 24 species were listed, distributed in 13 botanical families, among which were most representative: Poaceae (5), Cyperaceae (3), Fabaceae (3), Araceae (2), Convolvulaceae (2) and Polygonaceae (2). The most common biological forms were amphibians and emergent, amphibious and free floating.The greatest floristic richness occurred in the months of February and September with 18 and 16 species, respectively. It is concluded that the diversity of aquatic macrophytes in the Guaribas River was influenced by environmental and anthropic factors, being favored by the event of rains, succession of species and eutrophication of the water body.

Influence of environmental and morphological parameters on the microfauna community present in phytotelmata of a bromeliad in a fragment of Atlantic Forest, southern Brazil

Bromeliads are important epiphytes due to their abundance in the Neotropical region and morphological complexity. Their compact and imbricated leaf bases form water storage cisterns that promote important resources for colonization by several prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Due to the lack of knowledge about these environments, the objective of the study was to investigate which physical-chemical and ecological parameters exert effects on the biological richness present in the cisterns of Vriesea platynema. The study was carried out in the Center for Research and Nature Conservation (CPCN – Pró-Mata), in the Serra Geral plateau, northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Active searches were performed for 10 trees with bromeliads fixed at two heights (< 1.5 m and > 2.5 m). For each bromeliad individual, the height in relation to the ground, the diameter and depth of the central cistern, water temperature, number of lateral cisterns and number of adjacent bromeliads, were measured. A total of 23 taxa were identified in the phytotelmata of V. platynema, with Philodina, Lambornella, Paramecium, Tetrahymena and Diptera larvae being the most representative groups. The richness of organisms in the phytotelmata presented a positive correlation with water temperature (p = 0.01), and the number of adjacent bromeliads (p = 0.05), indicating that physicochemical and ecological factors could influence the richness of bromeliad biota.

KEMELIMPAHAN IKAN AIR TAWAR DI DESA SUNGAI BAKAR KECAMATAN BAJUIN KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT

Tanah Laut District is a district that brings together mountain highlands with lowlying sea waters within a province in South Kalimantan. It makes the area that is rich in biological natural resources in the form of agricultural products and livestock products such as fish. This natural resource supported by its natural geographical conditions, such as the presence of sea and river in one area. Rivers in this region have biological richness in the form of freshwater fish. Therefore, a study conducted which aimed to describe the abundance of freshwater fish species in Sungai Bakar Village, Bajuin Sub-District, Tanah Laut District. The method used in this research is a descriptive method that is describing the results of research with observation techniques in the form of direct visits to the field. The study area divided into three zones, namely shallow, medium, and deep, with each region consisting of 10 points, collecting samples using a net and fishing line with repetition three times. Data analysis carried out qualitatively and quantitatively. The results showed that the highest or largest fish abundance was Anabas testudineus in zone A (shallow) 39.18%, zone B (medium) 48.92%, and zone C (deep) 42.59%. The lowest fish abundance was zone A (shallow) Clarias batrachus 8.20%, zone B Clarias batrachus (medium) 7.8%, and zone C Oreochromis niloticus, Barbodes gonionotus, and Macrones gulio (deep), with both same abundances at 17.13%.

Diversity of Asteroidea on Gili Ketapang Beach Probolinggo Regency and Its Use as Popular Scientific Book

Popular scientific books are books that adhere to scientific standards and are displayed in common language and attractive layouts so that the public is more interested in reading them Starfish (Asteroidea) is an animal that plays an important role in the coastal environment, namely as the bioindicator of the water's contamination. One of the pristine waters of the beach and has a high enough biological richness is Gili Ketapang, Probolinggo beach. This research aims to determine the level of diversity of Asteroidea in Gili Ketapang beach, Probolinggo. This research is a type of quantitative descriptive research with the method of Transect plotting. The results of this study found 2 types of Asteroidea with a total of 100 individuals. Asteroidea is found in 1 family, 1 genus and 2 types of Asteroideans. The type of Asteroidea is a family of Archasteridae, a genus of Archaster and the type of Archaster typicus and Archaster angulatus. The value of the diversity index of Asteroidea in Gili Beach Ketapang Regency of Probolinggo is 1.323

5. Simple complex questions

‘Simple complex questions’ contrasts top-down and bottom-up approaches to ecological puzzles. For example, plants evade herbivores with physical defences that render them toxic or unpalatable, and the predators then evolve their own defences. How can a tropical forest support over 1,000 different tree species in a 50-hectare plot? When trees in the same forest differ in their response to environmental changes, can we still describe their environment as a niche? In species-rich systems, is there stability in complexity? Do we need so many species? Even when answering this question, we might benefit from a less human-centred approach. Earth’s biological richness has resonance beyond the dominant species.

Türkiye’de Biyolojik Çeşitliliği Tehdit Eden Biyo-Kaçakçılık

Turkey; as a result of its geographical, topographic and ecological differences, Turkey has a very rich biological diversity. Turkey is a biological attraction and a rich reservoir of biological material due to the biological richness of the property poses. The collection and removal of biological diversity without the permission of competent authorities is called bio-smuggling. Unfortunately, despite all the measures taken, our biodiversity, which has been used by many sectors, has been and continues to be bio-smuggled. We need to have peace of mind and freshness in delivering our biological diversity to future generations safely. For this purpose; i) social awareness, ii) training of expert staff, iii) legal arrangements at the highest level, iv) ensuring national and international coordination and cooperation and keeping alive, v) sufficient support to studies that have the potential to serve the protection and sustainable use of biodiversity It should be given. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the importance of Turkey’s biodiversity, bio-smuggling causing the decline of biodiversity by drawing attention focusing on Turkey, and to contribute to the prevention of bio-smuggling in Turkey. Therefore, in this article; bio-smuggling issue has assessed the scale of Turkey, the bio-smuggling in Turkey in recent years has been presented with the current sample and bio-trafficking is considered measures to be taken to prevent more effectively.

SPATIAL BIODIVERSITY MODEL TO CHARACTERIZE BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY USING R STATISTICAL COMPUTING ENVIRONMENT FOR NEPAL HIMALAYA

Biodiversity characters of the landscape provide basis of prioritizing the sites in conservation effort. There is an urgent need for rapid assessment of existing biodiversity using state-of-art tools and technologies at large scale. The purpose of the study is to model and prioritize biological richness based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) for conservation priority and management planning. Vegetation type map for year 2017 was developed for generation of various landscape indices e.g. fragmentation, patchiness, porosity, juxtaposition etc. The Spatial Biodiversity Model (SBM) prepared for similar landscape of Uttarakhanda, India which is scale, resolution and location independent for spatial biodiversity richness modelling was executed in R programming platform. Satellite data, non-spatial data and ancillary data were used to generate Biological Richness (BR) map which is categorized into 4 classes as low, moderate, high and very high (biodiversity rich) including non-forest area to quantify BR area. The result shows that largest area is under very high biological richness class followed by high, moderate and low BR area. Overall accuracy and Kappa Statistics of LULC/vegetation type classification is 82.61% and 0.8013 respectively. The spatial regression analysis for final output validation has been made with ground based species diversity data where R2 value for Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef’s diversity index are 0.64 and 0.56 respectively. The results also re-emphasize the role of geospatial techniques in the quick appraisal of predicting biological richness. The study result is applicable in systematic inventory of biological resources, land use planning, conservation prioritization and policy support.

Water tracing with environmental DNA in a high-Alpine catchment

Alpine streams are particularly valuable for downstream water resources and for ecosystem conservation. However, the details of where and when water is stored and released in the heterogeneous mountain environment are rarely known. The use of physico-chemical flow path tracers is particularly challenging due to the temporary accumulation and storage of water in the form of snow and ice. Alternatively, biological tracers might complement information on flow and storage of water, especially as the different microhabitats in Alpine aquatic systems are inhabited by characteristic organismal communities. In this study, we explored the potential of particles of environmental DNA found in the water (eDNA) to characterize hydrological flow paths and connectivity in an Alpine catchment in Switzerland. Between March and September 2017, we sampled water at multiple time points at 11 sites distributed over the 13.4 km2 Vallon de Nant catchment for genetic species information based on naturally occurring eDNA. The sites correspond to three different water source types and habitats (main channel, tributaries, and springs). Comparison of typical hydrological tracers and eDNA with temporal evolution of streamflow revealed that in the main channel and in the tributaries, the change in streamflow, dq/dt, is strongly correlated with biological richness. In springs, electrical conductivity was found to have a positive but not as strong correlation with biological richness. At the catchment scale, our results show that biological richness as indicated by the diversity detected by eDNA samples. When streamflow is increasing, transport of additional, and probably terrestrial, DNA into water storage or flow compartments is occurring. Such processes include overbank flow, stream network expansion and retraction, and hyporheic exchange. In general, our results highlight the importance of considering the at-site sampling habitat in combination with upstream connected habitats to understand how streams integrate eDNA over a catchment and to interpret spatially distributed eDNA samples, both for hydrological and biodiversity assessments. We identify next steps to be addressed to use eDNA as an independent tracer of Alpine water sources and we provide recommendations for future observation of eDNA in Alpine stream ecosystems.