Nanotechnology and Artificial Blood; Future Revolution in Modern Transfusion Medicine

It has been recently reported by World Health Organization reported that currently world is suffering an extreme shortage of donor blood. A possible future solution to this problem could be the promising virgin area of nanorobotics; an aspect of nanotechnology that deals with designing and manufacturing of nanorobots ranging in size from 0.1-10 micrometers. It’s all began in the 19th century when a researcher named Robert A. Frietas at the Institute for Molecular Manufacturing (IMM) designed mechanical artificial RBC called a “Respirocyte” and mechanical platelets called Clottocytes that will have an improved physiological function of the natural RBCs and platelets respectively. Chemically inert element such as diamond or fullerene nanocomposite may be central and principal in the manufacturing of these medical nanoparticles

Current trends in Nanotechnology applications in surgical specialties and orthopedic surgery

Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale. It has extensive range of applications in various branches of science including molecular biology, Health and medicine, materials, electronics, transportation, drugs and drug delivery, chemical sensing, space exploration, energy, environment, sensors, diagnostics, microfabrication, organic chemistry and biomaterials. Nanotechnology involves innovations in drug delivery,fabric design, reactivity and strength of material and molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology applications are spread over almost all surgical specialties and have revolutionized treatment of various medical and surgical conditions. Clinically relevant applications of nanotechnology in surgical specialties include development of surgical instruments, suture materials, imaging, targeted drug therapy, visualization methods and wound healing techniques. Management of burn wounds and scar is an important application of nanotechnology.Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic conditions are crucial aspects of technology for functional recovery of patients. Improvement in standard of patient care,clinical trials, research, and development of medical equipments for safe use are improved with nanotechnology. They have a potential for long-term good results in a variety of surgical specialties including orthopedic surgery in the years to come.

Atomically Precise Manufacturing and Responsible Innovation

Although continued investments in nanotechnology are made, atomically precise manufacturing (APM) to date is still regarded as speculative technology. APM, also known as molecular manufacturing, is a token example of a converging technology, has great potential to impact and be affected by other emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, biotechnology, and ICT. The development of APM thus can have drastic global impacts depending on how it is designed and used. This article argues that the ethical issues that arise from APM - as both a standalone technology or as a converging one - affects the roles of stakeholders in such a way as to warrant an alternate means furthering responsible innovation in APM research. This article introduces a value-based design methodology called value sensitive design (VSD) that may serve as a suitable framework to adequately cater to the values of stakeholders. Ultimately, it is concluded that VSD is a strong candidate framework for addressing the moral concerns of stakeholders during the preliminary stages of technological development.

A Universal Solution of Controlling the Distribution of Multimaterials during Macroscopic Manipulation via a Microtopography-Guided Substrate

Any object can be considered as a spatial distribution of atoms and molecules; in this sense, we can manufacture any object as long as the precise distribution of atoms and molecules is achieved. However, the current point-by-point methods to precisely manipulate single atoms and single molecules, such as the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), have difficulty in manipulating a large quantity of materials within an acceptable time. The macroscopic manipulation techniques, such as magnetron sputtering, molecular beam epitaxy, and evaporation, could not precisely control the distribution of materials. Herein, we take a step back and present a universal method of controlling the distribution of multimaterails during macroscopic manipulation via microtopography-guided substrates. For any given target distribution of multimaterials in a plane, the complicated lateral distribution of multimaterials was firstly transformed into a simple spatial lamellar body. Then, a deposition mathematical model was first established based on a mathematical transformation. Meanwhile, the microtopographic substrate can be fabricated according to target distribution based on the deposition mathematical model. Following this, the deposition was implemented on the substrate according to the designed sequence and thickness of each material, resulting in the formation of the deposition body on the substrate. Finally, the actual distribution was obtained on a certain section in the deposition body by removing the upside materials. The actual distribution can mimic the target one with a controllable accuracy. Furthermore, two experiments were performed to validate our method. As a result, we provide a feasible and scalable solution for controlling the distribution of multimaterials, and point out the direction of improving the position accuracy of each material. We may achieve real molecular manufacturing and nano-manufacturing if the position accuracy of distribution approaches the atomic level.

Fluorene-based macromolecular nanostructures and nanomaterials for organic (opto)electronics

Nanotechnology not only opens up the realm of nanoelectronics and nanophotonics, but also upgrades organic thin-film electronics and optoelectronics. In this review, we introduce polymer semiconductors and plastic electronics briefly, followed by various top-down and bottom-up nano approaches to organic electronics. Subsequently, we highlight the progress in polyfluorene-based nanoparticles and nanowires (nanofibres), their tunable optoelectronic properties as well as their applications in polymer light-emitting devices, solar cells, field-effect transistors, photodetectors, lasers, optical waveguides and others. Finally, an outlook is given with regard to four-element complex devices via organic nanotechnology and molecular manufacturing that will spread to areas such as organic mechatronics in the framework of robotic-directed science and technology.

Molecular Manufacturing

A wide variety of nanotechnology programs, both pedagogical and research-oriented, can incorporate some aspect of molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology is developing from large tools that give us access to the nanoscale, to tools constructed at or near the nanoscale. To date, these nanoscale tools are not capable of accomplishing much of commercial interest; however, this will be changing with increasing rapidity over the next decade or two. Eventually, nanoscale tools will be capable of broad classes of nanoscale construction; this will enable the fabrication of increasingly complex and useful structures. Fabrication of structures with molecular precision is especially relevant. When nanoscale tools are developed to the point of being capable of building duplicate tools, a manufacturing revolution may occur; even before that point, there are both scientific and likely commercial benefits to developing capabilities in this area.

Nanotechnology as global catastrophic risk

The word ‘nanotechnology’ covers a broad range of scientific and technical disciplines. Fortunately, it will not be necessary to consider each separately in order to discuss the global catastrophic risks of nanotechnology, because most of them, which we will refer to collectively as nanoscale technologies, do not appear to pose significant global catastrophic risks. One discipline, however, which we will refer to as molecular manufacturing, may pose several risks of global scope and high probability. The ‘nano’ in nanotechnology refers to the numeric prefix, one-billionth, as applied to length: most structures produced by nanotechnology are conveniently measured in nanometres. Because numerous research groups, corporations, and governmental initiatives have adopted the word to describe a wide range of efforts, there is no single definition; nanotechnology fits loosely between miniaturization and chemistry. In modern usage, any method of making or studying sufficiently small structures can claim, with equal justice, to be considered nanotechnology. Although nanoscale structures and nanoscale technologies have a wide variety of interesting properties, most such technologies do not pose risks of a novel class or scope. Interest in nanotechnology comes from several sources. One is that objects smaller than a few hundred nanometres cannot be seen by conventional microscopy, because the wavelength of visible light is too large. This has made such structures difficult to study until recently. Another source of interest is that sufficiently small structures frequently exhibit different properties, such as colour or chemical reactivity, than their larger counterparts. A third source of interest, and the one that motivates molecular manufacturing, is that a nanometre is only a few atoms wide: it is conceptually (and often practically) possible to specify and build nanoscale structures at the atomic level. Most nanoscale technologies involve the use of large machines to make tiny and relatively simple substances and components. These products are usually developed to be integral components of larger products. As a result, the damage that can be done by most nanoscale technologies is thus limited by the means of production and by the other more familiar technologies with which it will be integrated; most nanoscale technologies do not, in and of themselves, appear to pose catastrophic risks, though the new features and augmented power of nano-enabled products could exacerbate a variety of other risks.