Structure, NeutroStructure, and AntiStructure in Science

In any science, a classical Theorem, defined on a given space, is a statement that is 100% true (i.e. true for all elements of the space). To prove that a classical theorem is false, it is sufficient to get a single counter-example where the statement is false. Therefore, the classical sciences do not leave room for partial truth of a theorem (or a statement). But, in our world and in our everyday life, we have many more examples of statements that are only partially true, than statements that are totally true. The NeutroTheorem and AntiTheorem are generalizations and alternatives of the classical Theorem in any science. More general, by the process of NeutroSophication, we have extended any classical Structure, in no matter what field of knowledge, to some NeutroStructure, and by the process of AntiSophication to some AntiStructure

Electrode material properties for designing effective microbial electrosynthesis systems

(a) Pictograph and (b) schematic representation of the placement of multiple working electrodes with a single counter electrode and reference electrode using an N'Stat setup and (c) the schematic of the potentiostat interface connection with the electrochemical cell.

The Design of an Ambient Neutron Dose-Equivalent Meter

At present, most of the developed neutron dosimeters used to measure the neutron ambient dose-equivalent that has a moderator with a single counter, applied in neutron radiation fields within large range energies from thermal to MeV neutrons, are not a satisfaction to energy response. The purpose of this article is to design a suitable neutron dosimeter for radiation protection purpose. In order to overcome the disadvantage of the energy response of the neutron dosimeters combining a single sphere with a single counter, three spheres and three H3e counters were combined for the detector design. The response function of moderators with different thicknesses combined with SP9 H3e counters were calculated with Monte Carlo code MCNP 4C. The selection of three different thicknesses of the moderating polyethylene sphere was done with a MATLAB program. A suitable combination of three different thicknesses was confirmed for the detector design. The electronic system of the neutron dosimeter was introduced. The results of ambient dose-equivalent per unit fluence in different radiation areas were calculated, analyzed, and compared with the values recommended in the ISO standard. The calculated result explains that it is very significant to this design of neutron dosimeter; it may be applied to the monitor of the ambient dose in the neutron radiation fields, improving at present the status of the energy response of neutron dosimeters.

The Design of a Neutron Dosimeter

At present, most of the developed neutron dosimeters that have a moderator with a single counter, applied in neutron radiation fields within large range energies from thermal to MeV neutrons, are not a satisfaction to energy response. The purpose of the article is designing a suitable neutron dosimeter for the radiation protection purpose. In order to overcome the disadvantage of the energy response of the neutron dosimeters combined a single sphere with a single counter, three spheres and three 3He counters were combined for the detector design. The response function of moderators with different thicknesses combined with SP9 3He counters were calculated with MCNP program MCNP4C [1]. The selection of three different thicknesses of the moderating polyethylene sphere was done with a Matlab program [2]. A suitable combination of three different thicknesses was confirmed for the detector design. The electronic system of the neutron dosimeter was introduced. The fluence to ambient dose-equivalent conversion coefficient were calculated, analyzed and compared with the values recommended in the ICRP 74 Publication [3]. The calculated result explain that it is very significance to this design of neutron dosimeter, it may be applied to the monitor of the ambient dose in the neutron radiation fields, improving at present the status of the energy response of neutron dosimeters.

From Lash to Red Star: the pitfalls of counter-insurgency in Ethiopia, 1980–82

By 1980, Ethiopia was gripped in escalating civil wars. After a series of punitive expeditions had failed to suppress them, the government organised large-scale operations in the early 1980s against the insurgencies in the eastern and northern territories. The operations seemed to have been informed by what is called ‘total strategy’. Although the emphasis was on the coercive component, the state also used psychological and economic incentives. The results were mixed. The eastern rebels were defeated more easily because they were factious. The northern campaign failed because of the rebels' staunchness and the terrain's unsuitability. In a cold test of wills, the Eritrean fighters not only held the offensive to a stalemate, but also went on to win total military victory. Same strategy, different outcomes: this suggests that no single counter-insurgency strategy can always have the same results as it is influenced by numerous factors that may vary from one place to another.