Failure in building and remedies

ABSTRACT The research investigates the causes of failure in buildings (failure on floors, walls or block works and roofing) for the purpose of this research, the surveying of the various sites of the areas under study was undertaken from the sites surveying, it was found that the common factors that are causing these failures in the area under study are environmental factors, poor drainage system and poor execution method. Thus, the study recommends the possible solutions to the identified problems on the study area.

Behavioural Dumping and Drainage Channels

Dumping is one of the inevitable societal behaviours because waste can only be controlled but not eliminated completely. The rapidly growing developing countries have cities, towns and trading centres emerging daily coupled with increasing populations can be well related to poor drainage and irresponsible dumping in water channels. The aim of this study was to scrutinize drainage dumping behaviours in relation to water channels in some selected cities in Uganda. In this study, observational and analytical experiments on dumping were done in selected towns and cities, along some major highways connecting them. The findings showed that a lot of illegal dumping is happening at a rate of 63% on average on roads and even near the legal dumping places. Most of the refuse that is erroneously dumped ends up in drainage channels leading to serious flooding and other environmental consequences. The study recommends other better models in addition to improving drainage design, construction and maintenance patterns. Strict laws and sensitization are crucial in this regard and can help in saving and improving the lives of the people by at least 11%

Engineering Geophysical Investigation of Road Failure in a Basement Complex Terrain, Southwestern Nigeria

Geoelectrical and geotechnical investigations were conducted to determine factors responsible for pavement failure in some segments of Adebayo Alao-Akala road in Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria. The geoelectrical investigation employed Schlumberger vertical electrical sounding conducted at fifteen stations occupied along two failed segments and one stable segment of the road, using station spacing of 25 m and maximum electrode spread of 100 m. 2D electrical resistivity survey was also conducted using the dipole-dipole electrode array with electrode spacing, a, of 1 m and expansion factor, n varied from 1 to 5 m. The VES data were interpreted quantitatively by partial curve matching and computer iteration technique and geoelectric sections were generated while 2D resistivity structures of the subsurface were produced from the inverted 2D resistivity data. The geotechnical investigation involved Grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, Compaction and California Bearing Ratio tests conducted on subsoils collected beneath the segment. The failed segments are underlain by low-resistivity clayey subgrade of resistivity mostly less than 100Ωm while the stable segment overlies sandy clay/clayey sand mixture of relatively higher resistivity, ranging from 200Ωm to 530Ωm. The subsoils of the failed segments comprise high-plasticity sandy clay and sandy gravelly clay while those of the stable segment are medium plasticity sandy clayey gravel. The values of maximum dry density are 1.46 Mg/m3-1.73 Mg/m3, 1.71 Mg/m3-1.86 Mg/m3 and 1.75 Mg/m3-1.82 Mg/m3 respectively, with corresponding optimum moisture content of 7%-8%, 11%-20% and 10%-17% and California bearing ratio under soaked condition for 48 hours of 7%-8%, 17%-20% and 11%-17% respectively. The failure of the road pavement is attributable to the clayey nature of the subgrade, and poor drainage. The stable segment is underlain by excellent-to-good subgrade materials. Ingress of surface water into the clayey subgrade occasioned by poor drainage of run-off resulted in deformation of the road pavement in response to vehicular load.

ASSESSMENT OF ABATTOIR AND SLAUGHTER SLAB OPERATIONS IN OYO STATE, NIGERIA

A study of daily activities at 15 registered slaughter points in Oyo State was conducted for six months. A total of 43,087 animals were slaughtered during the period. Cattle accounted. for 62.06%, sheep 4.50%, goats 28.13% and pigs 5.31% of the total. Make species were slaughtered in most cases. Ante-mortem inspection was restricted to the two abattoirs in the state while stunning of pigs was only observed in one of the abattoirs. Processing blood and bones for livestock feeds was common the operations to all the slaughter points in Ibadan. However, inadequate water supply and poor drainage were the major problems identified in most of the slaughter points.

Aplikasi Kolom Kapur Untuk Mengurangi Pengembangan Tanah Ekspansif Di Desa Pengengat Kecamatan Pujut Kabupaten Lombok Tengah

The growing population has an impact on the increasing need for housing. A comfortable house can be made if the ground is fine. Pengengat Village in Pujut District has expansive soil which has high swelling-shrinkage properties. This activity aims to provide an understanding of the characteristics of expansive soil and how to improve it. This activity is divided into three stages, including: 1) site survey, 2) counseling, and 3) creating a lime column model. The survey results show that people in Pengengat village do not understand the characteristics of expansive soil and they also do not know how to improve the soil phenomenon. The floors and walls of the house were cracked and some were split. Poor drainage conditions also contributed to the damage to their homes. After carrying out these activities, the residents began to understand the characteristics of the expansive soil and how to improve it. We make three lime columns with a diameter of 25 cm and a depth of 75 cm. The distance between the lime columns is 1 m. For evaluation purposes, we take soil samples from each hole, the soil samples will be tested to determine the level of swelling

ANÁLISE DO USO DA TERRA, DA COBERTURA VEGETAL E DA MORFOMETRIA DA BACIA DO RIBEIRÃO DOURADINHO, NO SUDOESTE DE GOIÁS, BRASIL

Este trabalho objetivou analisar o uso da terra, a cobertura vegetal e a morfometria da bacia do Ribeirão Douradinho, no sudoeste de Goiás, usando geotecnologias. O uso da terra e a cobertura vegetal foram analisados para o ano de 2016, enquanto a morfometria da bacia foi estudada quanto às suas características geométricas, de relevo e de drenagem. Na bacia, com extensão total de 149,35 km², predomina área de culturas anuais (72,57%), seguida pela área de pastagem (13,10%), Cerrado/matas (10,57%) e outros usos (3,76%). Foram observadas irregularidades ambientais dentro de áreas de preservação permanente, onde estas, em diversos pontos, estão cobertas por vegetação agrícola e pastagem. A área de estudo possui geometria com pouca propensão a enchentes, mas drenagem pobre. Seu relevo é propício à atividade agropecuária, que deve ser executada em consonância com práticas conservacionistas e com fiscalização mais intensa pelos órgãos responsáveis pela aplicação da legislação ambiental vigente. An analysis of the land use, vegetation coverage and morphometry of Ribeirão Douradinho river basin, in the south-west of Goiás state, Brazil A B S T R A C TThis paper aimed analyzing the land use, the vegetation coverage and the morphometry of Ribeirão Douradinho river basin, in the south-west of Goiás state, using geotechnologies. The land use and vegetation coverage were analyzed for the year of 2016, while the morphometry of the basin was studied regarding its geometric characteristics, relief and drainage. In the basin, with a total extension of 149.35 km²m, predominates an area of annual crops (72.57%), followed by a pasture area (13.10%), Cerrado/woods (10.57%) and other uses (3.76%). Environmental irregularities were observed within the areas of permanent preservation, which, in several points, are coverage by agricultural vegetation and pasture. The studied area has geometry with low propensity to floods, but poor drainage. Its relief is propitious to farming, which must be accomplished in line with conservationist practices and with more intense supervision by the responsible organizations responsible for the implementation of the current environmental legislation.Keywords: river basin, geotechnologies, morphometric indexes, land use.