Környezetbiztonság – jövő nemzedékek védelme – elővigyázatosság

Összefoglaló. A biztonságpolitika és a környezetvédelem egyre fontosabbá váló közös kérdése a környezetbiztonság, a környezettel összefüggésben jelentkező veszélyhelyzetek, konfliktusok, válságok kezelése, lehetőség szerint megelőzése, hiszen azok a környezeti, társadalmi, gazdasági rendszerek stabilitását súlyosan megzavarják. Környezetbiztonságról akkor kerül szó, amikor a környezet terhelése, erőforrások felhasználása az elfogadhatónak tartott mértéket meghaladja. Erre példa, amikor ez környezeti migrációt vált ki vagy közreműködik vírusok terjedésében. Kiemelt kérdéseink egyike a jövő nemzedékek biztonságának veszélyeztetése, akiknek sorsa a mai generációk kezében van, számunkra jelent tehát kötelezettségeket. Az egyre szélesebb értelmet nyerő fenntartható fejlődés gondolata is e köré épül, erkölcsi értéket is megjelenítve egyben. A környezetvédelem és egyidejűleg a környezetbiztonság rendelkezésére álló számos eszköz, intézmény sorában – második részletesebben vizsgált kérdésként – előkelő helye van az elővigyázatosság elvének, hozzásegítve, hogy a lehető legkorábban próbáljuk kezelni a kockázatot jelentő helyzeteket, nem várva a teljes tudományos bizonyosságra azok létét illetően. Kiemelt témáink révén képet kapunk a kérdéskör komplexitásáról, sajátos összefüggéseinek rendszeréről, elhelyezve mindezt a környezetbiztonság egészében. Summary. Environmental security is unquestionably a vital element of both security and environmental policy, having a growing importance. This covers the management of conflicts, connected with environmental problems, the prevention and managing of crisis situations, which might seriously threaten the stability of environmental, social and economic systems in local, regional, national and global level. We may even assume that the effects of environmental degradation might always lead to possible conflicts, but the major delimitation is the extent. For example, one may mention environmental migration or the environmental implications of the current pandemic, due to the uncontrolled interaction between mankind and the natural environment. Environmental protection is a part of sustainable development, having ecological orientation. The most important constituents of sustainable development are inter- and intragenerational equity, both having a fundamental moral value. Environmental security is not only the enigma of the current generation but is connected to a great extent with the interests of future generations, who have no real influence on their own situation, as their destiny is in the hands of the current generation. The most suitable response should be to indicate the obligations of the current generation to protect the rights of the next ones. The Fundamental Law of Hungary is clear in this respect, placing future generations in the centre, among others in Article P). The substance of these references is clarified in the decisions of the Constitutional Court, using among others non-retrogression principle as a starting point. The latest decisions also refer to the precautionary principle as a major point of reference, which is a rational tool for both environmental security issues and for the protection of the rights of future generations. The precautionary principle means that we should control risky situations at the earliest possible stage, preceding the duty of prevention, not waiting till the full scientific certainty becomes reality. This requirement should form the basis of any activity having the chance for significant pollution, degradation, or generating a crisis situation. According to the Constitutional Court even the state – which has a primary responsibility in this respect – must take special care for the careful assessment of risks and should take all the available measures to avoid negative consequences. The Court also underlined that the precautionary principle has a constitutional character, based upon the rights of future generations.

Problems of the environmental law of the European Union

The problem of ecology is one of the most common problems of the twenty-first century. No country is immune: no country has better military equipment, no country with low inflation, no country with “perfect” legislation. The purpose of the article was to clarify legislative issues: European Union legislation was outdated, general and lacking in specificity. To address these problems, this article uses different approaches to the definition of environmental security, which makes it necessary to change the concept and the actions within which the definition is adopted. The article goes on to discuss the position of realists who argue that environmental security cannot be set because of lack of accountability “the importance” of the issue of “high” issues. Thus, the paper refers to the emergence of environmental security and its long path. This article contains the following changes and provisions: Brundtland Committee (1987), Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Habitats in Europe (1979), International Tropical Timber Agreement (1983) as well as the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (1979), the Maastricht Treaty (1992), the Hazardous Substances Directives, the impact of EU measures on the environment and the Animal Protection Directive. In addition, the article exposes Programs designed to ensure and regulate environmental safety. The report of the European Environment Agency was also reviewed and a comparative analysis of the data contained in the report and the British Broadcasting Corporation estimates was made. The authors draw attention to several directives, calling them “triumvirate”, which provide the basis for countries to regulate some environmental legislation. Almost in the end of the paper the authors pay attention to the phenomenon of environmental ethics, which is a consequence of imperfect legislation. In its conclusion, the article states that the problems that arise from the lack of accountability of legal acts of a real environmental situation occur in the member states, taking into account the special case of the European Union.

Dampak Pelabuhan Bungkutoko Terhadap Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Dikawasan Pelabuhan

Abstrach: The purpose of this study is to (1) analyze the differences in the socio- economic conditions of the community before and after the existence of Bungkutoko Port, (2) Mapping the existence of Bungkutoko Port. The population in this study were 552 households in Bungkutoko Village. The sample of this research is 85 people in Bungkutoko Village. The results showed (1) There are differences in the socio-economic conditions of the community before and after the Bungkutoko Port. The existence of Bungkutoko Port has a positive impact on the socio-economic conditions of the community, which creates job opportunities, increases community income and improves environmental security. But on the other hand, Bungkutoko Port has not had a positive impact on education and public health. (2) Bungkutoko Port is in the administrative area of Bungkutoko Village, Nambo District, Kendari City. The existence of Bungkutoko Port not only has an impact on the socio-economic conditions of the community, but also has an impact on infrastructure development in the local area.Keywords: Bungkutoko Port; Public; Socio-Economic ConditionKeberadaan Pelabuhan Bungkutoko mempunyai dampak ikutan sehingga perlu untuk dilakukan penelitian. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk (1) Menganalisis perbedaan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sebelum dan setelah adanya Pelabuhan Bungkutoko, (2) Memetakan keberadaan Pelabuhan Bungkutoko. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat di Kelurahan Bungkutoko berjumlah 552 kepala keluarga. Sampel penelitian ini adalah masyarakat di Kelurahan Bungkutoko berjumlah 85 kepala keluarga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Terdapat perbedaan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat sebelum dan setelah adanya Pelabuhan Bungkutoko. Keberadaan Pelabuhan Bungkutoko berdampak positif terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat, dimana terciptanya kesempatan kerja, peningkatan pendapatan masyarakat dan peningkatan keamanan lingkungan. Tetapi disisi lain, Pelabuhan Bungkutoko belum memberikan dampak positif bagi pendidikan dan kesehatan masyarakat. (2) Pelabuhan Bungkutoko berada diwilayah administrasi Kelurahan Bungkutoko Kecamatan Nambo Kota Kendari. Keberadaan Pelabuhan Bungkutoko tidak hanya berdampak terhadap kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat, tetapi juga berdampak pada pengembangan infrastruktur diwilayah setempat. Kata Kunci: Pelabuhan Bungkutoko; Masyarakat; Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi

Environmental security as an international legal category

Problem setting. The problem of environmental security has gone beyond national borders and acquired a planetary character. If before the issue of ensuring the environmental security of countries was solely their internal affair, over time, state borders from an environmental point of view gradually lost their importance, became transparent. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The study of theoretical or some practical aspects of the legal nature of environmental safety were engaged in domestic and foreign scientists, among which are the works of: A.P. Hetman, H.V. Anisimova, G.I. Balyuk, S.A. Bogolyubova, M.M. Brinchuk, I.I. Karakash, T.G. Kovalchuk, V.V. Kostytsky and others. Target of research is to determine the essence and features of environmental safety as a legal category in terms of international law. Article’s main body. The article examines the definition of «environmental security» as a legal category. Its legal nature and its connection to international security are being established. In particular, environmental security as a legal category is considered from two points of view, as a certain state of protection of a person from threats caused by an thropogenic impact on natural objects, and as a system of legal instruments regulating the use of natural resources for their protection, as well as prevention and counteraction to threats that have a detrimental effect on the environment. Through the analysis of international legal acts, modern approaches of the international community to ensuring environmental security are determined. The international mechanism for environmental security is constantly evolving, it should be recognized that it is unfortunately not perfect and is not able to fully solve today's environmental problems, as well as to prevent an environmental catastrophe on a global scale. By concluding international agreements alone, it is impossible to ensure effective protection of all elements of the natural environment. Conclusions and prospects for the development. Therefore, it is important to consolidate the efforts of all participants in international communication in developing common approaches to solving this problem and actively using numerous international treaties and soft law instruments, best national practices, and involving civil society.

The European Environmental Security Agenda

Environmental security was established academically in the early 1980s in the United States. The threat of environmental issues to national security has been the dominant approach among the many distinct interpretations. In 2008, environmental concerns, particularly climate change, were addressed for the first time in the context of EU security. The European security community frequently considers environmental aspects; however, this is usually limited to a strategic level before moving to implementation. In this article, we illustrate how environmental security has evolved, how it has permeated the European security community, and how it might advance further to secure the security of European citizens better.

The Role of International Organizations in Maintaining Environmental Security

The conducted research aims to determine the role of international organizations in the field of maintaining environmental safety. It is concluded that the relevance of the activities of international environmental organizations, governmental and non-governmental, both individually and collectively, make an important contribution to the processes of ensuring and maintaining environmental safety throughout the world, showing the need to disseminate environmental education, invest in environmental projects, increase society’s involvement in cooperation at the national and international levels, update scientific theoretical and practical research, and preserve natural heritage for future generations.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTITUTION OF LEGAL REGULATION OF AGRARIAN ENTREPRENEURSHIP

The author notes that modern agricultural production has the character of specific entrepreneurial activity in special conditions, with a unique membership, whose activities are regulated by special legislation, which is structurally an institution of agrarian legislation. The author believes that the new agribusiness relations will be followed by the formation of a new specific legal institution of agrarian law - the institution of legal regulation of agrarian entrepreneurship with its own subject, principles, methods and content of statutory acts aimed to ensure the efficiency of commercial agricultural production under new and constantly changing conditions, as well as food and environmental security of the State.