Psychopharmacological Treatments for Substance Use Disorders
The treatment of substance abuse with pharmacological agents is well established, although most experts agree that, to be successful, medication interventions must be combined with psychosocial therapies. A large number of Type 1 and Type 2 controlled trials have shown that the use of nicotine replacement therapy to induce and maintain smoking cessations significantly increases the abstinence rate. Bupropion, which is also an antidepressant, has been found in controlled trials to significantly increase the smoking abstinence rate measured at intervals up to 12 months after beginning of treatment. Trials with novel agents such as the cannabinoid receptor antagonist rimonabant and varenicline, a nicotine receptor partial agonist, have been reported at meetings but have not yet appeared in print. The treatment of alcoholism can now be enhanced by three totally different types of medications: disulfiram, which works when compliance is assured; naltrexone, which reduces alcohol reward via the endogenous opioid system and results in decreased alcohol craving and reduced drinking in most randomized clinical trials; and acamprosate, which reduces post-alcohol excitability and has been effective in European trials but less so in U.S. trials. A depot version of the opiate antagonist naltrexone was approved by the FDA in 2006. It gives therapeutic blood levels for at least 30 days and should greatly improve compliance, thus making naltrexone more useful for the treatment of both opiate addiction and alcoholism. Methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependence has consistently shown efficacy, and the treatment options have been increased by the availability of the partial opiate agonist buprenorphine. Buprenorphine is unique in that it can be used for the treatment of opiate addiction by qualified physicians in their offices rather than requiring enrollment in a highly regulated methadone treatment program. There are as yet no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of stimulant addiction, which includes cocaine and methamphetamine. There are recent double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of several medications that have been found effective against cocaine addiction and are currently in multisite trials to confirm efficacy.