Translating authorial presence

Of increasing interest in cross-linguistic variation in academic discourse is the way in which writers use first-person pronouns (FPPs) to promote their agency. While research has shown that language specific socio-cultural, rhetorical and lexico-grammatical factors impact levels of self-concealment vs. self-promotion, less attention has been paid to the ways in which translated texts are sensitive to these discoursal traditions. We address this gap by analyzing frequency, rhetorical use, and grammatical form of FPPs in a corpus of research article (RA) abstracts in biology written by Russian and international researchers in two peer-reviewed bilingual journals. Three subcorpora were analyzed: (i) L1 Russian abstracts; (ii) the same abstracts translated into English; (iii) abstracts by international biologists in English from the same journals. The FPP tokens were identified and their frequency, rhetorical use, and forms were compared. The results show significant differences between the corpora which supports previous findings on cross-cultural variation in authorial presence in research genres. The results also suggest that the translation not only transfers L1 linguistic code but also adds a stronger emphasis on author agency. Implications for translating RAs into English as an exercise in linguistic, cognitive, and pragmatic equivalence as well as for accommodating discourse conventions of English as a lingua franca of science are explored.

Formal Shifts Use on Achieving Pragmatic Equivalence in English – Indonesian Translation of KungFu Panda

This study is concerned with the analysis of Catford’s formal shifts use in speech act translation from English into Bahasa Indonesia in Kung Fu Panda movie. The analysis covers the use of level shift and category shift on achieving pragmatic equivalence and how the visual-verbal relation happened along with the pragmatic achievement process. This study took documentation and a questionnaire on collecting the data. In this study, a theory from Baker (1992) was applied to analyze pragmatic equivalence achievement. Moreover, the theory from Halliday (1994) in Martinec and Salway (2005) was used to identify visual-verbal relations. The results of the study depicted (1) the use of level shift and category shift were very needed which led to pragmatic equivalence achievement (95,3%). Based on the target readers and expert raters, (2) the visual-verbal relation helped the translator on target text arrangement by providing the context of which the speech act was being uttered. The visual-verbal relation identified in the Kung Fu Panda movie were exposition (12,7%), enhancement (9,3%), extension (5,3%) and locution relation (72,7%). (3) The translator tended to use category shift dominantly (66,67%) for recreating the most suitable target text that was similar to the source text’s pragmatic meaning.The large identification of visual-verbal relation locutionallowed target and expert readers to perceive the meaning lied in speech act only from the word given.

Prozodia, semantyka, styl – o hierarchii poziomów ekwiwalencji w tłumaczeniu piosenki kabaretowej (studium przypadku: polskojęzyczne warianty Money… Freda Ebba)

Prosody, Semantics and Style. On the Hierarchy of Levels of Equivalence in the Translation of Cabaret Songs (Case Study: Polish Versions of Fred Ebb's Money…) The article is a case study and contains a comparative analysis of four variants of the Polish translation of Fred Ebb and John Kander’s song Money… from the musical “Cabaret”. The author of the translation is Wojciech Młynarski, one of the most respected Polish songwriters of the second half of the twentieth century. In the study, an assumption is made that Młynarski, who repeatedly changed versions of his translation, sought to create the most faithful rendition of the songs from the musical for the needs of the Polish stage. His efforts can be observed at four levels of text organization. The translator aimed mainly for sound equivalence, i.e. conformity with the original song in terms of rhythm (word stress), rhyme (consonance) and voice instrumentation and, to a lesser extent, sound imitation. He also cared about pragmatic equivalence by rendering into Polish the original intentions, with particular emphasis on the modes of indirect communication, such as irony and satire. However, other aspects of equivalence remained in the background. Not everywhere the translator managed to keep the cognitive equivalence, i.e. convergence of imagery, by translating scenes and scenarios that were part of cultural knowledge into parallel ones and, more broadly, by trying to evoke similar images in the mind of the reader and listener. His efforts to achieve the effect of broadly understood stylistic equivalence were also noteworthy; only to a small extent they consisted in giving the right stylistic coloring to the individual lexical items which had their English equivalents, and they mainly boiled down to translating stylistic games that did not necessarily cover the same fragments of the song, though were usually based on the same mechanism (a clash between low and high style, absurdity). The analysis shows that the translator adopted tabular rather than linear approach to the original.

Pragmatic Coherence and Equivalence in Literary Translation

The topic of the present paper concerns cultural translation and focuses on the cross-cultural aspect of pragmatic equivalence. It is based on the hypothesis that the pragmatic framework of the literary work, i.e. the deliberate choice of tied verbal actions and the interpretations of these actions, forms an important slot in the overall structure of cultural context and displays the artistic literary idea of the writer. Hence the research work clearly shows that literary translation should adequately transmit the intentions and ideas encoded in the original text to the readers from the respective culture. The cross-cultural pragmatic analysis of the speech act sequences and reporting words carried out on the material of a literary work in English and its Armenian translation has enabled us to determine that the violation of pragmatic coherence of the source text distorts the cultural context planned by the author.

The mediated voice

This article examines how the voices of trial participants are mediated by court interpreters. The research focuses on closing statements articulated by defendants in Chinese criminal trials, the last chance for their voices to be heard prior to sentencing. Drawing upon the concept of voice and theories of speech acts and pragmatic equivalence, and based on the discourse analysis of seven authentic trial recordings, this study reveals how the discursive performance of the defendant is constructed, altered, and sometimes undermined through interpreting. The findings reveal that speech acts performed by the defendant are often not maintained in the interpreted renditions and that the concept of closing statements is difficult to convey. It is argued that when interpreters fail to convey the pragmatic force of defendants’ utterances, the voice of the defendants is not fully heard, which places them at a disadvantage and impacts upon their right to equality and justice. The article also reveals system-bound constraints on the effective provision of language assistance and the safeguarding of defendants’ legal rights.

KESEPADANAN PRAGMATIK DALAM PENERJEMAHAN SATIRE

AbstrakIssue terkait dengan kesepadan masih menimbulkan perdebatan tetapi juga menjadi masalah yang penting dalam kajian terjemahan. Kesepadanan masih menjadi landasan penting dalam pengembangan model pengukuran kualitas terjemahan. Artikel ini akan berusaha menjelaskan kesepadanan pragmatik yang dicapai dalam penerjemahan tuturan satire. Selain itu, artikel ini juga akan menunjukkan frekuensi kesepadanan pargmatik yang dicapai oleh penerjemah dalam menerjemahkan tuturan satire pada novel animal farm dan terjemahannya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga jenis kesepadanan pragmatik yang dicapai oleh penerjamah yaitu kesepadanan ilokusi, implikatur dan jarak relevansi. Kesepadanan yang dihasilkan penerjemah dalam penerjemahan tuturan satire dapat menunjukkan keberhasilan penerjemah dalam mengalihkan pesan satire.Kata Kunci: Penerjemahan, Kesepadanan, Pragmatik, Satire. AbstractThe issues related to equivalence are still debatable but it has also become an important issue in translation studies. Equivalence is still significant as the basis of development in assessing the translation quality model. This article will attempt to explain the pragmatic equivalence achieved in translating satirical utterances. Besides, this article will also show the frequency of pragmatic equivalences achieved by translators in translating satirical utterances in Animal Farm novels and their translations. The results show that there were three types of pragmatic equivalence achieved by the speaker, namely illocutionary equivalence, implicature, and relevance degree. The equivalence produced by the translator in translating satirical utterances can show the success of the translator in transferring the satirical message.Keywords: Translation, Equivalence, Pragmatics, Satire

TRANSLATING CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES FROM ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN IN YOUTUBE VIDEO ENTITLED THE TEAM MEETING

YouTube is not only a platform for entertaining the viewers. Nowadays, language learners can use videos on YouTube as a tool to learn many things dealing with language. One of the benefits of watching YouTube videos is that learners can comprehend pragmatic equivalence. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the English dialogue among the speakers in the YouTube video entitled The Team Meeting and its Indonesian subtitle to reveal the pragmatic equivalence. The analyzed pragmatic element is conversational implicatures. Additionally, the translation strategies used in Indonesian subtitles are also analyzed. To do this, the qualitative methodology, particularly textual analysis is used. With textual analysis, some steps in analyzing the data are needed. First, the English dialogue among the speakers and its Indonesian subtitle are transcribed. Second, translation strategies and pragmatic equivalence are analyzed. Lastly, the data are presented in form of paragraphs. The results show that the translation strategies can assist the English dialogue and its Indonesian subtitle to reach pragmatic equivalence. Borrowing words from English in Indonesian and the same basic structures between both languages generally contribute to this equivalence.

A TRANSLATION EQUIVALENCE ANALYSIS OF ABSTRACT TRANSLATION IN FACULTY OF COMPUTER SCIENCE UNIVERSITY OF BANTEN JAYA 2019

The research is content analysis which explores the using of translation equivalences applied in Faculty of Computer Science. Considering that the Faculty of Computer Science indirectly and unconsciously often carry out the process of translation in daily activities in the programming language used. The research thus aims to provide how is translation equivalence and what is the dominant translation equivalence used in translation of abstract internship report in Faculty of Computer Science 7th semester in Banten Jaya University 2019. The data conducted from 3 sections of collecting data which taken randomly from 20 abstract translations of internship report, divided into 10 abstracts from Information System Program and 10 abstracts from Information Engineering Program. The Mona Baker’s theories applied in the order to identified and classify the translation equivalences. Furthermore, Miles and Huberman method also used to analyzed the abstract of internship report to find out the first question. In the other hand a formula by Butler used to find out the second question. As the result of this research, the most dominant translation equivalence used is Above Word Level Equivalence with 35 cases (28.69%), which followed by Pragmatic Equivalence with 30 cases (24.59%), Word Level Equivalence with 26 cases (21.31%), Grammatical Equivalence with 16 cases (13.11%), and Textual Equivalence with 15 cases (12.30%).The research concludes that the translation equivalence in translations process depend on the translator point of view.

Diachronic plurality of retranslations in the context of translation equivalence (case study of Ukrainian retranslations of W. Shakespeare’s tragedies)

The article considers the concept of equivalence in the context of the diachronic plurality of retranslations of Shakespeare's tragedies. An analysis of different approaches to determining the levels of equivalence is given: E. Nida and K. Rice distinguish formal and dynamic equivalence; J. Catford differentiates formal equivalent and text equivalent; J. House determines the difference between explicit and implicit translation. W. Koller distinguishes five types of equivalence: denotative equivalence, connotative equivalence, text-normative equivalence, pragmatic equivalence, and formal equivalence. V. Komissarov defines the levels of equivalence that form a hierarchical structure: levels of communication objectives, description of the situation, utterance, messages, and linguistic signs. The article highlights the notion of diachronic plurality of retranslations of a time-remote original text on the example of Ukrainian retranslations of the XIX–XXI centuries of Shakespeare's tragedies „Hamlet” and „Romeo and Juliet” and defines the basic principles of equivalence theory on which diachronic plurality of retranslations is based. The specifics of translators' use of different strategies in achieving equivalence of the original text and the translated one, which are due to the creative personality of the translator and translation style, is described. The article demonstrates that achieving the equivalence of a time-remote original text that is not a fixed quantity is a very important task for every translator, whose decision is determined by various factors, including the translator's choice of appropriate strategies and tactics. Each translation reflects its „own” original, which always follows from the individual vision of the text by the translator.

Theatrical interpretation of a literary work from the standpoint of semiotic creativity

The study presents the results of linguosemiotic analysis of sign correlations between the play “The Elder Son” by Vampilov and 22 theatrical performances based on it (The Interna­tional on-line Festival “The Elder Son — 55”, November, 2020). The play and its multimodal interpretations are viewed as parts of a unique communicative space. These parts may be specified as the original communicative situation and the ‘derivatives’ characterized by semi­otic creativity of their authors — the playwright and the directors. The concept of semiotic resonance is used as a tool that can help to deepen the analysis of the meaning construction in the heterogeneous discourse of drama. Semiotic resonance is understood as the correlations of recurrently used signs accompanied by the amplification of meaning and emergence of new semantic projections. The investigation of the play — theatrical performance transformations made it possible to identify the specific levels of semiotic creativity, which correspond to the degree of pragmatic identity of the original content and its modulations. The author singled out the level of pragmatic equivalence and the level of pragmatic modulation, which account for different pragmatic effects produced and illustrated the realization of the poetic function of a sign in a multimodal discourse.