Frequently affected teeth by different types of iatrogenic perforations made during dental training in Bulgaria

Background: One of the reasons for endodontic treatment failure is iatrogenic perforation. That is why it is important to provide adequate endodontic education for graduating young practitioners. Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the most common locations of the iatrogenic perforations made by last year students in the Dental Faculty in Sofia, Bulgaria, to note the association of particular errors with particular teeth and to determine how this information can improve their education. Methods: All patient records of last-year students for 2015 and 2016 were examined. Perforations were diagnosed by radiography, and also confirmed clinically. Results: From all 778 teeth 30 incidents of root perforations were found: 10 in 2015 and 20 in 2016. More perforations were found in upper posterior teeth- 80% of all the perforations made in 2015, and 45% of all registered perforations in 2016. For the entire period of the research perforation frequency in upper molars, and in upper anterior teeth were found to be significantly higher than in other group of teeth. In academic 2015 year, 8 of the perforations (80%) were furcal. In 2016 year, 11 (55%) of all perforations were apical. Conclusions: More in-depth knowledge of endodontic anatomy , and also more strict supervision on students’ tasks are needed, especially regarding standard root canal treatment on molar teeth.

Craniofacial implants: what maxillofacial surgeon needs to understand

Since discovery of the osseointegration of titanium in the 1950s, dental implants have been made of titanium the 1960s. In 1977, the first extraoral titanium implant was inserted for craniofacial rehabilitation aims. Craniofacial implants start to be popular for craniofacial reconstruction and rehabilitation. Craniofacial implants become as revaluation in rehabilitation fields, to day even large facial defect can be reconstructed via this surgical –prosthetic technique. The aim of this review is to explain and clarify the indications and techniques for such procedure.

Inflammatory Processes, Viral Infections and Dental Practice during Covid-19

The mouth is a natural reservoir of several microorganisms resulting from various ecological determinants, being conducive to contagion, as it is an open system for contamination, to which the oral health team is exposed. This microbiota, in general, is in harmony with the host and is quite relevant, as it contributes to the development of the mucous immune system. However, local and/or systemic changes can result in imbalance and clinical manifestation of diseases in the mouth, as reported in this chapter, about coronavirus, hepatitis, herpes, varicella-zoster, infectious mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, ebola, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Oral hygiene is essential to maintain harmony between normal oral microbiota and external contamination, and, as is known, the mouth is part of the digestive and respiratory system and, in this moment of the lethal and quite contagious SARS-VOC 2 pandemic, the dental practice needs to reinforce biosafety care and reduce the vulnerability of staff and patients, in order to favor the good practices of home dental care, outpatient and/or hospital assistance.

Rapid Prototyping – A Prospective Paradigm A Narrative Review

Computational modelling signifies the simulation of real life layout in a virtual domain by the transfiguration of physical structures into numerical models, which then is processed into objects. It has restructured the field of Bio – medical engineering in the past 40 years. It has conceptualised the transposition of the visual to the visual-tactile portrayal of anatomical objects leading to a new kind of reciprocity called ‘touch to comprehend’, paving way for educational approaches. This advent of Rapid prototyping has opened new prospects in medical field, especially dentistry with its accuracy and speed. Rapid prototyping is an additive manufacturing technology that produces prototype models by addition of materials in a layer by layer process. With new researches coming to the fore for molding materials and the forming process of RP techniques, this technology has become trendsetter in dental prosthesis fabrication. This article provides a Narrative review of the evolution and its foray into Prosthodontics through the multiple technological options it has panned.

A new approach to root debridement: millimeter and furcation specific periodontal files

The most commonly used procedure for root surface debridement is mechanical scaling and root planing using hand instruments. Periodontal files are used as a part of treatment introduced in subgingivally pockets. The difficult lies in stablishing an analogy of this depth measurement to the probe by a PCP 12 and the corresponding input of this files at the same distance. The authors present new files, similar to Hirschfeld, have been modified with external marking at 12mm, allowing the Periodontist this analogy, and facilitating the process. On the other hand a specific small diameter PHenriques 6 and PHenriques 7 files, to instrument more easily this complex region. Consist of a series of 3 blades, and its sharp edges in 270 degrees around the active tip, reaching the root trunk, fornix and neighbor´s surfaces. They are extremely useful especially in Class III involvement and sharpening in the same way as conventional files.

Indication And Use Of Zirconia Crowns On Decidual Teeth

Objective: The objective of this work is to analyze the use of zirconia crowns in primary teeth, their advantages, evolution and acceptance within pediatric dentistry. Methods: An integrative review was carried out using the SciELO, PubMed and Google Scholar databases, with the objective of analyzing the use of zirconia crowns in primary teeth, including 13 articles, following the inclusion and exclusion criteria previously determined. Results: The literature shows that zirconia crowns provide a well-polished surface and less bacterial adhesion, allowing to prevent plaque accumulation and pigmentation, reducing gingival inflammation associated with rehabilitated primary teeth. Zirconia crowns have superior mechanical properties related to other types of ceramics, which gives durability and resistance to fracture and wear, in addition to a natural aesthetic to the rehabilitated tooth. Conclusion: It is concluded, therefore, that pediatric dentistry has benefited a lot from this restorative revolution that uses the use of zirconia crowns in children.

CAD/CAM Technology Challenges in Prosthodontics

Computer-Aided-Design/Computer-Aided-Manufacture or in short CAD/CAM technology is a revolutionary method which was utilized in dentistry in order to achieve more efficient and precise work that not only reduce time but also produce more patient satisfaction on the short and long term. Computer-Aided-Design (CAD) can be done by utilizing a specially designed software and an intraoral scanners or laboratory scanners which can construct a three dimensional image of scanned mouth or impression. Computer-Aided-Manufacture (CAM) on the other hand, can be done by subtractive or additive manufacturing. Subtractive manufacturing is done either by spark erosion or by a milling machine. Additive manufacturing on the other hand is made by layering technique in a step by step vertical buildup of the object or restoration. This review illustrates the indications, advantages, and limitations of CAD/CAM technology in construction of different types of restorations and the possible future of this technology.