scholarly journals Achieving Sustainable Energy Security in Indonesia Through Substitution of Liquefied Petroleum Gas with Dimethyl Ether as Household Fuel

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 71-86
Author(s):  
Natasya Lim ◽  
Vincent Felixius ◽  
Timotius Weslie
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Energy Security ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Combustion Enthalpy ◽  
Dehydration Reactions

Indonesia has been facing an energy security issue regarding Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) consumption. The rapid increase of LPG consumption and huge import have driven the Indonesian government to develop the alternative for LPG in the household sector. Dimethyl ether (DME) is the well-fit candidate to substitute LPG because of its properties similarities. However, discrepancies in the properties, such as combustion enthalpy and corrosivity, lead to adjustments in the application. Coal is a potential raw material to produce DME, especially in Indonesia, known as the fourth-largest coal producer globally. However, the gasification of coal into DME  brings a problem in its sustainability. To compensate for the emission, co-processing of DME with biomass, especially from agricultural residue, has been discovered. Recently, carbon dioxide (CO2) captured from the gasification process has also been developed as the raw material to produce DME. The utilization of CO2 recycling into DME consists of two approaches, methanol synthesis and dehydration reactions (indirect synthesis) and direct hydrogenation of CO2 to DME (direct synthesis). The reactions are supported by the catalytic activity that strongly depends on the metal dispersion, use of dopants and the support choice. Direct synthesis can increase the efficiency of catalysts used for both methanol synthesis and dehydration. This paper intended to summarize the recent advancements in sustainable DME processing. Moreover, an analysis of DME's impact and feasibility in Indonesia was conducted based on the resources, processes, environmental and economic aspects.   Keywords: coal gasification, DME, energy security, LPG, sustainable

Synthesis of Methanol and Dimethyl Ether from CO2 and H2 Under Flow-Circulation Conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 436-444
Author(s):  
G. I. Lin ◽  
P. V. Samokhin ◽  
M. A. Kipnis
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Side Reaction ◽  
Bifunctional Catalyst ◽  
Specific Yield ◽  
Flow Circulation ◽  
Synthesis Of Methanol

In the context of utilization of carbon dioxide emissions, a study of the CO2 conversion to methanol and dimethyl ether (DME) under flowcirculation conditions, when a part of converted gas returns to the reactor, was carried out. Experimental data on the synthesis of methanol (commercial catalyst Megamax 507) and direct synthesis of DME (Megamax 507/commercial zeolite ZVM, weight ratio 1/1) are reported. In the methanol synthesis from syngas, vol.%: H2 – 76.6, CO2 – 19.8, N2 – 3.6 performed at 240–260 °C and pressure 5.3 MPa, a high conversion of CO2 was reached: 84–99.6% at a low selectivity of the side reaction (CO synthesis, not higher than 4.7 %). The maximum specific yield of methanol at 260 °C was 1.24 kg(kgcat·h)–1. Special-purpose experiments demonstrated that the methanol synthesis is accompanied by a small heating (up to 10 °C) at the catalyst bed inlet, which testifies to polytropicity of the reactor. In the synthesis of DME, the DME yield referred to bifunctional catalyst was within 0.16–0.33 kg(kgcat·h)–1 depending on the conditions. Therewith, the conversion of methanol to DME was not lower than 42 %, the conversion of CO2 was within 79–96 %, and the DME synthesis proceeded under nearly isothermal conditions.

Facile Structure Tuning of a Methanol-Synthesis Catalyst towards the Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Syngas

ChemCatChem ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 4484-4489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheonwoo Jeong ◽  
Hyungwon Ham ◽  
Jong Wook Bae ◽  
Dong-Chang Kang ◽  
Chae-Ho Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Methanol Synthesis Catalyst ◽  
Synthesis Of Dimethyl Ether

scholarly journals Pengolahan Daun Tembakau dan Dampaknya Terhadap Lingkungan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Samsuri Tirtosastro ◽  
A.S. Murdiyati
Keyword(s):  
Coal Gasification ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Hazardous Materials ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Gradual Process ◽  
Acti Vity ◽  
Tobacco Specific Nitrosamines

<p>Tembakau merupakan bahan baku utama industri hasil tembakau seperti rokok keretek, cerutu, tembakau iris, dan lain-lain. Sebelum digunakan, daun tembakau harus melalui proses pengolahan. Pengolahan tembakau pada dasarnya merupakan kegiatan pengeringan, dengan penerapan suhu bertahap atau disebut proses kiu-ring (curing). Dalam proses pengolahan tembakau diperlukan energi, yang selama ini berasal dari panas ma-tahari, udara panas buatan hasil pembakaran kayu, minyak tanah, batu bara, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas), atau limbah pertanian. Penggunaan bahan bakar ini menyebabkan polusi udara, sehingga mencemari ling-kungan dan meracuni pekerja. Tembakau sendiri mengandung bahan berbahaya seperti, debu tembakau, ni-kotin, residu pestisida, TSNA (tobacco spesific nitrosamine), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene), dan lain-lain. Petunjuk pengendalian bahan berbahaya dan dampak lingkungan tersebut, selama ini sudah tersedia secara lengkap yang ditetapkan oleh organisasi tembakau dunia Coresta dan diimplementasikan oleh perusahaan-perusaha-an mitra petani. Petani yang sistem produksinya dalam bentuk kemitraan dengan perusahaan-perusahaan tembakau, telah melakukan pengendalian dengan baik. Dampak negatif penggunaan bahan bakar dapat di-tekan dengan sistem pemanasan tidak langsung (flue-curing), sedangkan penggunaan batu bara dilakukan dengan tungku pembakaran gasifikasi. Implementasi selanjutnya, selain diperlukan sistem inspeksi sesuai ketentuan juga perlu didorong terbentuknya kemitraan antara perusahaan tembakau dan petani.</p><p> </p><p>Tobacco leaf is the main raw material of tobacco industries such as cigarette, cigar, slices tobacco, etc. Be-fore being used, tobacco leaves have to go through processing. Tobacco processing is basically a drying acti-vity, with the application of temperature or a gradual process called curing. In the processing of tobacco ener-gy needed, which is derived from the hot sun, hot air made by the burning wood, kerosene, coal, LPG (li-quefied petroleum gas), or agricultural waste. The use of these fuels causes air pollution, thus contaminating the environment and poisoning workers. Tobacco itself contain hazardous materials such as tobacco dust, ni-cotine, pesticide residue, TSNA (tobacco specific nitrosamines), B-a-P (benzo-a-pyrene) and others. In-structions on control of hazardous materials and environmental impact, as long as it is available completely de-termined by the organization of the world tobacco Coresta and implemented by partner company of farmers. Farmer production systems in the form of partnership with tobacco companies, has done well control. The ne-gative impact of fuel use could be reduced by an indirect heating system (flue-curing), while the use of coal gasification is done by burning stove. Subsequent implementation, in addition to the required inspection sys-tem according to the provisions, should also be encouraged such as partnerships between tobacco companies and farmers.</p>

scholarly journals Direct Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from CO2: Recent Advances in Bifunctional/Hybrid Catalytic Systems

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 411
Author(s):  
Noelia Mota ◽  
Elena Millán Ordoñez ◽  
Bárbara Pawelec ◽  
José Luis G. Fierro ◽  
Rufino M. Navarro
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Acid Catalyst ◽  
Catalyst Design ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Metal Catalyst ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Catalytic Systems ◽  
Co Precipitation

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a versatile raw material and an interesting alternative fuel that can be produced by the catalytic direct hydrogenation of CO2. Recently, this process has attracted the attention of the industry due to the environmental benefits of CO2 elimination from the atmosphere and its lower operating costs with respect to the classical, two-step synthesis of DME from syngas (CO + H2). However, due to kinetics and thermodynamic limits, the direct use of CO2 as raw material for DME production requires the development of more effective catalysts. In this context, the objective of this review is to present the latest progress achieved in the synthesis of bifunctional/hybrid catalytic systems for the CO2-to-DME process. For catalyst design, this process is challenging because it should combine metal and acid functionalities in the same catalyst, in a correct ratio and with controlled interaction. The metal catalyst is needed for the activation and transformation of the stable CO2 molecules into methanol, whereas the acid catalyst is needed to dehydrate the methanol into DME. Recent developments in the catalyst design have been discussed and analyzed in this review, presenting the different strategies employed for the preparation of novel bifunctional catalysts (physical/mechanical mixing) and hybrid catalysts (co-precipitation, impregnation, etc.) with improved efficiency toward DME formation. Finally, an outline of future prospects for the research and development of efficient bi-functional/hybrid catalytic systems will be presented.

scholarly journals Synthesis of dimethyl ether using a fixed bed of dual catalyst for methanol synthesis and its dehydration

2019 ◽  
Vol 268 ◽  
pp. 07003
Author(s):  
Aisyah Ardy ◽  
Jenny Rizkiana ◽  
Melia Laniwati ◽  
Herri Susanto
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Methanol Synthesis ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Direct Synthesis ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Methanol Synthesis Catalyst ◽  
Methanol Formation

Experimental study on direct synthesis of DME (dimethyl ether) has been conducted using tubular reactor. The synthesis of DME was performed with two commercial catalysts, ie methanol synthesis catalyst (M151, Cu-based) and methanol dehydration catalyst (γAl2O3). A mixture of H2, CO, and N2 was used as a model for synthesis gas. Gas flow rate was set at 20 mL/min (5 bar and 240oC). The reaction held at: pressure of 5 bar and a temperature of 240°C. This experiment was conducted by arranging a series of two types of catalysts in a fixed bed reactor. The methanol synthesis catalyst was placed in the upstream to ensure the reaction of methanol formation, then proceed with dehydration of methanol to DME. The objective of this experiment was to find out the best dual catalyst composition to produce a high concentration of DME. The experiment has shown that the best combination of methanol catalyst to dehydration catalyst was a mixture of 20% methanol catalyst (ratio 1/4). CO conversion was 62% and the product ratio of DME/methanol was 40%.

New Direct Synthesis Technology of Dimethyl Ether

2007 ◽  
pp. 137-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsutomu Shikada ◽  
Yasuo Miyoshi ◽  
Yasuhiro Mogi ◽  
Norio Inoue ◽  
Yotaro Ohno
Keyword(s):  
Dimethyl Ether ◽  
Direct Synthesis

Effect Of Equivalent Ratio (ER) On the Flow and Combustion Characteristics in A Typical Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) Cavity

2021 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
Arup Kumar Biswas ◽  
Wasu Suksuwan ◽  
Khamphe Phoungthong ◽  
Makatar Wae-hayee
Keyword(s):  
Mass Flow ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Coal Gasification ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Combustion Characteristics ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Underground Coal Gasification ◽  
Equivalent Ratio ◽  
Rubble Pile

Underground Coal Gasification (UCG) is thought to be the most favourable clean coal technology option from geological-engineering-environmental viewpoint (less polluting and high efficiency) for extracting energy from coal without digging it out or burning it on the surface. UCG process requires only injecting oxidizing agent (O2 or air with steam) as raw material, into the buried coal seam, at an effective ratio which regulates the performance of gasification. This study aims to evaluate the influence of equivalent ratio (ER) on the flow and combustion characteristics in a typical half tear-drop shape of UCG cavity which is generally formed during the UCG process. A flow modeling software, Ansys FLUENT is used to construct a 3-D model and to solve problems in the cavity. The boundary conditions are- (i) a mass-flow-inlet passing oxidizer (in this case, air) into the cavity, (ii) a fuel-inlet where the coal volatiles are originated and (iii) a pressure-outlet for flowing the product Syngas out of the cavity. A steady-state simulation has been run using k-? turbulence model. The mass flow rate of air varied according to an equivalent ratio (ER) of 0.16, 0.33, 0.49 and 0.82, while the fuel flow rate was fixed. The optimal condition of ER has been identified through observing flow and combustion characteristics, which looked apparently stable at ER 0.33. In general, the flow circulation mainly takes place around the ash-rubble pile. A high temperature zone is found at the air-releasing point of the injection pipe into the ash-rubble pile. This study could practically be useful to identify one of the vital controlling factors of gasification performance (i.e., ER impact on product gas flow characteristics) which might become a cost-effective solution in advance of commencement of any physical operation.

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