Big Data and Machine Learning

IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence are currently three of the most relevant and trending pieces for innovation and predictive analysis in healthcare. Many healthcare organizations are already working on developing their own home-centric data collection networks and intelligent big data analytics systems based on machine-learning principles. The benefit of using IoT, big data, and artificial intelligence for community and population health is better health outcomes for the population and communities. The new generation of machine-learning algorithms can use large standardized data sets generated in healthcare to improve the effectiveness of public health interventions. A lot of these data come from sensors, devices, electronic health records (EHR), data generated by public health nurses, mobile data, social media, and the internet. This chapter shows a high-level implementation of a complete solution of IoT, big data, and machine learning implemented in the city of Cartagena, Colombia for hypertensive patients by using an eHealth sensor and Amazon Web Services components.

A Framework for Modernizing Non-Mobile Software

New paradigms such as pervasive computing, cloud computing, and the internet of things (IoT) are transforming the software industry and the business world. Organizations need to redesign their models and processes to be sustainable. Smartphones are at the core of these paradigms, letting us locate and easily interact with the world around us. Frequently, the development of mobile software requires of the adaption of valuable and tested non-mobile software. Most challenges in this kind of software modernization are related to the diversity of platforms on the smartphones market and to the need of systematic and reusable processes with a high degree of automation that reduce time, cost, and risks. This chapter proposes a modernization framework based on model-driven engineering (MDE). It allows integrating legacy code with the native behaviors of the different mobile platform through cross-platform languages. Realizations of the framework for the migration of C/C++ or Java code to mobile platforms through the Haxe multiplatform language are described.

Bluetooth Low-Energy-Based Applications

This chapter focuses on the comprehensive contents of various applications and principles related to Bluetooth low energy (BLE). The internet of things (IoT) applications like indoor localization, proximity detection problem by using Bluetooth low energy, and enhancing the sales in the commercial market by using BLE have the same database requirement and common implementation idea. The real-world applications are complex and require intensive computation. These computations should take less time, cost, and battery power. The chapter mainly focuses on the usage of BLE beacons for indoor localization. The motive behind the study of BLE devices is that it is supported by mobile smart devices that augment its application exponentially.

Developing a Cyber-Physical System for Hybrid Manufacturing in an Internet-of-Things Context

This chapter describes design and development of the HORSE system for process-oriented hybrid manufacturing that seamlessly integrates human and robotics actors in vertical manufacturing cells that are horizontally coupled in end-to-end manufacturing processes. The HORSE system supports advanced dynamic actor allocation to work cells, direct robot control and human actor instruction, closed-loop local event processing, and near-real-time global event processing. The system handles abstract process definitions and status information on the one hand and directly interfaces to industrial sensors and actuators on the other hand, making it a system with a strong cyber-physical character. The physical side of the system is deployed in an internet-of-things context, where the things are the industrial robots controlled by the HORSE system, the sensors feeding data to the system, and the products being manufactured in the industrial process managed by the system. The system will be deployed in real-world, industrial pilot scenarios in a European Horizon 2020 project.

Advanced Visualization Systems in Industrial Environments

Today's advanced visualization systems will revolutionize the way information is perceived in industrial environments. This will help the different industrial workers to interact more efficiently with the machines, equipment, and systems installed in the industrial plant. The display devices will provide operators with all the information they need to perform their work more efficiently, as well as inform them of all the hazards and safety in their environment. Also, screen operators, thanks to the use of a single 2.5D/3D screen, will possess exhaustive knowledge of the state of the industrial process. This increases the amount on quantity and quality of information that is offered to the operator and it avoids the superfluous navigation between operation screens. This chapter explores advanced visualization systems in industrial environments.

IoT and Big Data in Public Health

Technology can transform lives, and nowadays, the internet of things and big data are helping developing countries to improve healthcare outcomes and deliver better services. In Colombia, a lot of municipalities do not have reliable healthcare information systems, and still, a lot of the current processes that collect critical information related to public health are being made manually. Small groups of researchers are trying to include different stakeholders in active IoT and big data projects by using connected sensors and other IoT technologies that drive improvement in healthcare. According to the World Health Organization, hypertension is considered one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in Latin America today, and it has had an exponential growth in the last 10 years. This chapter utilizes data acquisition sensors, large medical datasets, and machine-learning methods to perform predictive analytics in a hypertensive population in Cartagena to assist public health organizations to create proactive care programs to prevent the increase of this disease in Cartagena.

Smart City Based on MQTT Using Wireless Sensors

The internet of things can involve a huge number of connected devices and sensors for the betterment of our lives and businesses. Sensors are the main part of IoT. The main target of this chapter is to develop an IoT-based information observing system for specific areas like home, cities, industries, hospitals, etc. In this system, the environmental data of different elements, for example, temperature, humidity, pressure, should screen and get a redesign with a particular time interval. The authors use Raspberry Pi 3 and MQTT to observe information over a remote area and get an update with it anyplace in the world. They transmit the environmental data to the cloud server sent by Raspberry Pi 3. There, the authors can monitor data in both modes (online and offline).

Low Power Communication Protocols for IoT-Enabled Applications

The industrial IoT marching towards the digital twin and the broad spectrum of applications need the specialized low power protocols for communication and data transfer. This chapter provides a comprehensive discussion on the challenges, opportunities, use cases, platforms, and protocols for the deployment of low power protocols in the context of IoT applications. Moreover, discussion extends to the various custom techniques for energy saving in the communication of sensors to hardware, hardware to Cloud, and deferred data pushing in edge computing. The traditional wireless data transfer and communication protocols are suitable in case of the hardware platforms connected with seamless power supply. However, there is need of low power protocols 6LoWPAN, LoRaWAN, Sub 1, ZigBee, BLE, NFC, and other telecommunication protocols across several IoT applications. The SBCs and micro-controllers are not always equipped with these protocol-enabled hardware. This chapter addresses the suitable hardware and combination with low energy options as per the budget, range, and specifications.

Preparation of Raspberry Pi for IoT-Enabled Applications

This chapter shares the experiences in systematic, well-tested, and executed step-by-step procedure for the preparation of the Raspberry Pi single board computer (SBC) for the internet of things (IoT)-enabled applications. This chapter is useful for beginners and professionals working for automation of smart factories with the help of IoT and Cloud. Moreover, interesting data exchange techniques like low power wireless alternatives ZigBee, LORA, BLE, 6LowPAN, SigFox, and multi-queue telemetry transport (MQTT) are also stated. The related IoT preceding and succeeding technologies, like machine-to-machine(M2M), cyber-physical-systems (CPS), web of things (WoT), SCADA are also the part of insights. Various supporting technologies for the success of IoT like commercial and open source IoT cloud platforms, virtual agents(VA), and digital twins are also discussed.

Communication Protocols for the Internet of Things

The future internet is expected to be an internet of things (IoT) that makes a huge increase in its capability to collect, investigate, and distribute data that can be turned into information or knowledge. The changeover to IPv6, having a common set of standards and developing energy sources for millions of minute sensors, are the challenges of IoT. The environment can be made smart and self-aware by the direct communication between more and more devices that are part of the IoT. The low power lossy networks (LLNs) that consist of more tiny sensors and low power devices are the elements of the IoT. The TCP/IP reference model is used for the internet connectivity, which is not exactly suited for the network that uses smart objects. There is a need to connect the local network that has the smart objects to the internet. The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has come out with the standardized protocols like 6LoWPAN, RPL, COAP, etc. This chapter provides the various protocols used in the internet of things network with their specifications, benefits, and limitations.