Spray Pyrolysis Thin Film Deposition Technique for Micro-Sensors and Devices

Thin film is used for sensing and electronic devices applications. Various techniques are used for thin film deposition. This chapter presents the Spray pyrolysis deposition technique used for the growth of thin films sensing and device material. Spray pyrolysis is an inexpensive method to grow good crystalline thin film compared to other thin film deposition techniques. The chapter gives an overview of the spray process used for thin film deposition. Basic setup for this process is explained. Parameters affecting the deposition process is explained, as are the various spray methods. Finally, some examples of spray pyrolysis in different applications like a gas sensor, UV photodetector, solar cell, photocatalysis, and supercapacitor are discussed.

An IoT-Based Remote Health Monitoring System for Smart Healthcare

Many automated health monitoring devices detect health abnormalities based on gleaned data. One of the effective approaches of monitoring a senior cardiac patient is the analysis of an Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal, as proven by various studies and applications. However, diagnosis results must be communicated to an expert. An intelligent and effective technology gaining wide popularity known as ‘internet of things' or ‘IoT' allows remote monitoring of the patient.

An Expert System-Based Automation in Indian Traction System for a One Way Single Platform Station by Introducing PLC

Nowadays, it is very often that some portion of the Indian traction system is still suffering from a single line railway transportation. This in turn creates a havoc disturbance in maintaining the proper sequence of traction control system. Also, passengers are taking risk to catch the train which is already in motion but no such action has been taken to eliminate these consequences. It has been found that more or less various works have been done on Automation in Railway Crossing Gate using Microcontroller and IR Sensor. Thus, it is often decided to develop an idea for the Indian traction system to ensure better controlling action by introducing Limit Switches as Tactile Sensors and by introducing HMI using PLC. The purpose here to take control over various controlling domains, including Railway crossing gate are as follows: Track signal, crossing level signal, alarm notification, and platform edge fence. The proper sequencing needs to be operated via a 128 I/O module with 2 KB memory size small PLC kit.

Characteristic Behavior of PVDF-Compliant Structure as an End Effector Using Creo Element/Pro Release 5.0

The tremendous area of application of microprocessors and microcontrollers has exhausted the demand for polymers as sensors among the fastest growing technologies of the $18 billion sensor market worldwide. This chapter presents the study of characteristic behavior of a compliance structure made of PVDF (Poly Vinylidene Fluoride) material which is acting as an actuator and sensor, too. The inverse piezoelectric nature of PVDF has been used to produce the required amount of force by applying the voltage at a specific point at the base of the structure which is generating the opening and closing of the end effector. The displacement of the tip of the end effector can be sensed by generated voltage of piezoelectric effect of PVDF.

Characteristics of Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) as EMG Sensor

The following chapter is a comparative study of signals obtained using Electromyogram sensors and Ionic Polymer Metal Composite (IPMC) sensors. This chapter studies in detail the behavior of the electromechanical sensor, i.e., IPMC as an EMG sensor. The former being an electromechanical sensor picks up the electrochemical gradient due to flow of ions through the axon ends released within the muscle which ultimately causes the muscle contraction, and also detects the mechanical tension created because of muscle contraction. EMG sensors are an electrical sensor that is able to detect voltage changes due to electrochemical changes under our skin due to voluntary muscle movements. During the relaxed phase, both the sensors stay stagnant at different reference voltage levels, and shows variation in voltages only during the instants of contraction. The characteristic obtained by plotting the experimental readings are compared in the chapter.

Wireless Medicine Searching System Using GSM Modem in Smart City

With the development of mobile communication technologies and the popularity of relating devices, GSM network-based intelligent systems have been used more and more widely. Most existing intelligent systems have built on mobile platforms, but those systems don't provide any facility that could save time and energy. But people suffer from lack of time and energy to buy essential needs like medicine, etc. and they like to communicate to the supplier to get confirmation instantly before leaving home or office to collect the same. So, in society, it needs to give alignment without going on field. This chapter copes this problem using wireless database searching scheme using GSM technology, which is very useful in smart cities, where cell phone is an essential part of living. The system receives information from outsiders and customers through GSM modem database searches of all the suppliers connected in a common server and sends the result through short messages independently to the customer showing the availability.

Measurement of Junction Depth in Sub-Micron Device Using SIMS Technique for Performance Estimation in RF Range

This chapter shows the measurement procedure of junction depth using SIMS method with detailed experimental procedure, and the result is verified by theoretical computation. SIMS profile is analytically characterized by Pearson's distribution function, and all the results together established the fact that the device can be utilized for operating as a diode in RF range; where ion dose is considered as a variable parameter with ion energy. Implanted impurity distribution profile is obtained as a function of depletion width from which junction depth can be evaluated. Straggle parameters and projected range profile near the ion energy range is computed for which depth is evaluated, and skewness & kurtosis are estimated to get a theoretical knowledge of all the moments assuming the Pearson IV distribution. Results suggest that distribution of atoms may be considered as Gaussian in nature.

S-ADALINE

In this chapter, the design and implementation of the self-synchronized adaptive linear neural (S-ADALINE) network approach for harmonic detection and the measurement of electrical power components (active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, etc.) at non-sinusoidal state have been discussed. A brief of the importance of electrical power measurement has been specified in Section 2. Section 3 is to discuss on the modern techniques of power measurement. The use of ADALINE style for harmonic estimation has been reflected in Section 4. In Section 5, harmonic tracking using S-ADALINE has been presented. Section 6 has been utilized to compare between ADALINE and S-ADALINE. In Section 7, S-ADALINE based power components measurement has been enlightened. A set of simulation tests in terms of accuracy, speed, and convergence of the S-ADALINE has been performed in MATLAB and deliberated in Section 8. The developed prototype is presented in Section 9 with experimental results.

Modeling and Control of Electric Linear Actuator for Driving Knee Joint of a Lower Body Exoskeleton

The actuator is an integrated part of every robotic system which can actuate the joint for the necessary movement of the device. Depending on the energy conversion mechanism, the actuators are subdivided into three classes, namely electric, pneumatic, and hydraulic. The electric actuators are very popular in the field of engineering and technology due to their ease of use and low maintenance. In this chapter, an electric linear actuator (Manufactured by TiMOTION, Model: TA1) has been modeled by considering its each and every associated physical parameter and also simulated in MATLAB Simscape to observe its performance. Also, different control actions like PID, LQR, and Sliding mode methods have been studied to select the best control action for the actuator. Finally, as an application of the developed actuator model, a one DOF robotic assistive device called human knee exoskeleton has been designed in the MATLAB Simscape. It has been tested that the knee joint trajectory has been followed by the actuator with suitable control action.

Detection of Epileptiform Seizure From Pre-Ictal Part of Epileptic EEG Recording

Nowadays, the most common neurological disorder is Epilepsy. An epileptic seizure is a sudden synchronous and repetitive discharge from brain cells. The seizure is very dangerous and life-threatening for people affected by Epilepsy, as this may occur anywhere and anytime. The analysis of Electroencephalogram data (EEG) is a difficult task for a neurologist to go through the entire EEG records visually, in consideration with an increasing number of channels and more extended EEG recording. Authors are working to develop a system that gives a warning message so a safety measure can be taken before the seizure occurs. To do that, authors analyze epileptic EEG data in depth to get unique characteristics from EEG data, namely, disrupts background; sharply define components, Electrocerebral negativity, and electrical field. With the consideration of all of the above attributes of Epilepsy, an algorithm is developed, which is able to segment out the susceptible seizure waveform occurrence from EEG recording (onset) in different channels.