scholarly journals South America From a Surgeon's Point of View.

JAMA ◽  
1922 ◽  
Vol 78 (10) ◽  
pp. 755
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Point Of View

Confronting a Mercantile Elite: Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima, 1765–1796

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (04) ◽  
pp. 519-558
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Marks
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Port City ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Change

After Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1757-1763), when the British had occupied Havana and Manila, a series of territorial, commercial, and tax reforms brought significant change to the viceroyalty of Peru. Their economic effects have been matters for debate ever since. Some historians have emphasized their positive effects. Following promulgation of the Reglamento de comercio libre of 1778, the volume and value of European manufactures exported to the Pacific coast of Spanish South America increased. Lima and its port city, Callao, remained important as commercial centers of Spanish South America. But others suggest that the viceregal capital—home to a powerful mercantile elite, the magnates of the consulado (merchant guild) of Lima—suffered a decline in its economic fortunes, as did the entire viceroyalty. Support for this point of view was widespread in late colonial Peru. In spite of the evidence for growth, a rising chorus of complaint bemoaned the increasing poverty of the viceroyalty in general and Lima in particular. How can we account for this discrepancy?

scholarly journals The first phylogenetic analysis of Palpigradi (Arachnida) – the most enigmatic arthropod order

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Giribet ◽  
Erin McIntyre ◽  
Erhard Christian ◽  
Luis Espinasa ◽  
Rodrigo L. Ferreira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
North America ◽  
South America ◽  
Molecular Phylogeny ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Analytical Method ◽  
Ribosomal Genes ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Two Alternatives

Palpigradi are a poorly understood group of delicate arachnids, often found in caves or other subterranean habitats. Concomitantly, they have been neglected from a phylogenetic point of view. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of palpigrades based on specimens collected in different subterranean habitats, both endogean (soil) and hypogean (caves), from Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America. Analyses of two nuclear ribosomal genes and COI under an array of methods and homology schemes found monophyly of Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae and a division of Eukoeneniidae into four main clades, three of which include samples from multiple continents. This supports either ancient vicariance or long-range dispersal, two alternatives we cannot distinguish with the data at hand. In addition, we show that our results are robust to homology scheme and analytical method, encouraging further use of the markers employed in this study to continue drawing a broader picture of palpigrade relationships.

Darwin's Early Notes on Coral Reef Formation

1984 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederick Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Coral Reef ◽  
South America ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
South American ◽  
American Continent ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
South American Continent ◽  
Reef Formation ◽  
Water Coral

Darwin's letters and some rough notes found in his field notebooks of 1835 confirm the statement in his Autobiography that he had formulated his theory of coral reef formation before the Beagle left South America and before he had seen a coral reef. His geological observations having convinced him of the elevation of the South American continent, Darwin predicted that evidence of a compensatory gradual subsidence of the Pacific Ocean floor would be found in the existence of shallow-water coral genera in the Pacific reef formations. The first draft of the theory was written on board the Beagle shortly after seeing the reefs of Moorea in November 1835. After visiting the Cocos (Keeling) Islands he wrote a summary of his view in a letter of April 1838, in which he expressed his conviction that he had found an explanation which would "put some of the facts in a more simple and connected point of view, than that in which they have hitherto been considered".

scholarly journals The Foreign Press about the Change of Attitude of Soviet Power to Orthodoxy in 1943 (According to TASS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 62-171
Author(s):  
Drobotushenko Evgeny V. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
South America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Freedom Of Religion ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The Press

The article analyzes a selection of materials of the foreign press, made by the Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) in 1943 on the reaction to the change in the attitude of the Soviet government to the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). It is presented in one of the files of the state archive of the Russian Federation (SARF). In the collection mentioned, there are notes and articles of various editions of the countries of Europe, and also the States of North and South America, Africa, Australia. The claimed problems have not been seriously analyzed from the scientific point of view so far. The author notes that the negative and positive assessments of the transformation of the religious policy of the USSR were clearly divided into the two camps: the countries that supported the USSR in 1943 and the countries that had opposite views. The rhetoric of the press in the United States, Canada and England differed significantly from that one in Europe as a whole, and even more in Nazi Germany, Italy and Romania. The press of countries that were far away from the events, for example, the States of South America or Australia, reflected a neutral attitude to what was happening. Against this background, all actions of the Soviet authorities were assessed as superficial, temporary, and “fake”. According to the critics, they were forced. In reality, there was no question of freedom of religion in the USSR. In turn, the press of the allied countries relatively highly appreciated the changes in the policy of the Soviet state. It is obvious that the problems stated in the title of the article require further serious scientific analysis, which implies a large volume of work with foreign media of the time under consideration and with archival sources. Keywords: religion, Orthodoxy, freedom of religion, Patriarch, Council for the Affairs of the Russian Orthodox Church, mass media

scholarly journals Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of the Genus Tovomita

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Francesco Epifano ◽  
Maria Carmela Specchiulli ◽  
Vito Alessandro Taddeo ◽  
Serena Fiorito ◽  
Salvatore Genovese
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Current Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Natural Remedies

The genus Tovomita (Fam. Clusiaceae) comprises 45 species mainly found in tropical regions of Central and South America. Most of the species of the title genus have been used for centuries as natural remedies. Phytochemicals isolated from Tovomita spp. include prenylated and unprenylated benzophenones and xanthones. The aim of this review is to examine in detail from a phytochemical and pharmacological point of view what is reported in the past and current literature about the properties of phytopreparations and individual active principles obtained from plants belonging to the Tovomita genus.

scholarly journals III.—On the Coal-bearing Rocks of Southern Chile

1870 ◽  
Vol 7 (77) ◽  
pp. 499-509
Author(s):  
G. A. Lebour
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Geological Structure ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Southern Chile ◽  
Perfect Knowledge ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Correct Estimate

Little as the Geology of South America has been worked, yet the presence of coal along the coast of Chile has long been known to navigators and others. Of late years this coal has been worked in sundry places—in short, wherever the circumstances seemed most favourable. The strata in which the seams occur, were made the subject of considerable study from a palæontological point of view by D'Orbigny and by Darwin; but not until the last ten or fifteen years have the resources of the country, with regard to this branch of industry, been examined into sufficiently to enable a correct estimate to be made of them. The surveys, which have been the direct result of the interest awakened by the knowledge of the presence of workable seams of lignite in Chile, have been greatly conducive to a more perfect knowledge of the geological structure of the coast; and the consequent accumulation of material for its study has, we believe, brought it within our power, not only to add to the very limited stock of notes on the subject, but also, it is hoped, to give such explanations of some of the more obscure facts connected therewith as were, from the want of reliable data, either overlooked by earlier observers, or only vaguely suggested by them.

Confronting a Mercantile Elite: Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima, 1765–1796

2004 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 519-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricia H. Marks
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Pacific Coast ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Port City ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Colonial Peru ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Significant Change

After Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1757-1763), when the British had occupied Havana and Manila, a series of territorial, commercial, and tax reforms brought significant change to the viceroyalty of Peru. Their economic effects have been matters for debate ever since. Some historians have emphasized their positive effects. Following promulgation of theReglamento de comercio libreof 1778, the volume and value of European manufactures exported to the Pacific coast of Spanish South America increased. Lima and its port city, Callao, remained important as commercial centers of Spanish South America. But others suggest that the viceregal capital—home to a powerful mercantile elite, the magnates of theconsulado(merchant guild) of Lima—suffered a decline in its economic fortunes, as did the entire viceroyalty. Support for this point of view was widespread in late colonial Peru. In spite of the evidence for growth, a rising chorus of complaint bemoaned the increasing poverty of the viceroyalty in general and Lima in particular. How can we account for this discrepancy?

A checklist of marine crustaceans known from Easter Island

Crustaceana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patricio De los Ríos Escalante ◽  
Eliana Ibáñez Arancibia
Keyword(s):  
Complex System ◽  
South America ◽  
Endemic Species ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Easter Island ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Marine Crustaceans ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Pacific Asia

Easter Island constitutes the most isolated terrestrial ecosystem in the Pacific Ocean. The fauna of that site is interesting from a biogeographical point of view because species from Pacific Asia and South America can be found there, as well as endemic species. The aim of the present study was to compile a literature review of published records of marine Crustacea from Easter Island with the emphasis on the heterogeneity in habitats reported for each species. The results confirm the presence of species otherwise known from Pacific Asia, South America, as well as the expected endemic species. In spite of the little information that is generally provided in the habitat records for most species, it may still be possible to find a marked heterogeneity of ecosystems, together generating a complex system that warrants more detailed studies.

scholarly journals Brazil and Colombia: Comparative Race Relations in South America

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER WADE
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Race Relations ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Variations On A Theme ◽  
Inherent Part

This chapter focuses on Brazil and Colombia in the context of the official multiculturalism adopted by both countries. It looks primarily at ‘blackness’, but necessarily also makes reference to the category ‘indigenous’, as this is an inherent part of the processes by which identities come to be defined, claimed and contested. The text shows how blackness in each country oscillated between ‘ethnic’ and ‘racialised’ definitions, both from an official and from a social movement point of view, and how oscillation was related to different contexts and political conjunctures. In Colombia, there was a move between 1991 and 2009 from a very ‘ethnic’ definition towards a more explicitly ‘racialised’ one; while in Brazil, we can see a move from a pre-1988 racial definition towards a more ethnic one, which however coexists with the more racial emphasis. These are not opposed trajectories, but variations on a theme of changing, overlapping and often conflicting definitions.

scholarly journals Correlations of some Neoproterozoic carbonate-dominated successions in South America based on high-resolution chemostratigraphy

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 439-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alcides Nobrega Sial ◽  
Claudio Gaucher ◽  
Aroldo Misi ◽  
Paulo Cesar Boggiani ◽  
Carlos José Souza de Alvarenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
South America ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Passive Margins ◽  
C Isotopes ◽  
Marine Carbonate ◽  
Rodinia Supercontinent ◽  
High Level ◽  
Orogenic Belts

ABSTRACT: This report reviews and incorporates new elemental and isotope chemostratigraphic data for correlation of Neoproterozoic carbonate-dominated successions in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay). These thick mixed carbonate/siliciclastic successions were largely deposited in epicontinental basins or accumulated on passive margins on the edges of cratons (e.g. São Francisco, Amazonia, Rio Apa Block, Pampia and Río de la Plata paleocontinents) during extensional events related to the rifting of the Rodinia Supercontinent. From the stratigraphic point of view, these successions occur as three mega-sequences: glaciogenic, marine carbonate platform (above glaciomarine diamictites or rift successions), and dominantly continental to transitional siliciclastics. In the orogenic belts surrounding cratons, carbonate-dominated successions with important volcanoclastic/siliciclastic contribution have been, in most cases, strongly deformed. The precise ages of these successions remain a matter of debate, but recently new paleontological and geochronological data have considerably constrained depositional intervals. Here, we report high-resolution C, O, Sr, and S isotope trends measured in well-preserved sample sets and mainly use Sr and C isotopes in concert with lithostratigraphic/biostratigraphic observations to provide detailed correlations of these successions. The establishing of a high-level and definite chemostratigraphic correlation between Neoproterozoic basins in South America is the main goal of this work.

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