The first phylogenetic analysis of Palpigradi (Arachnida) – the most enigmatic arthropod order

Palpigradi are a poorly understood group of delicate arachnids, often found in caves or other subterranean habitats. Concomitantly, they have been neglected from a phylogenetic point of view. Here we present the first molecular phylogeny of palpigrades based on specimens collected in different subterranean habitats, both endogean (soil) and hypogean (caves), from Australia, Africa, Europe, South America and North America. Analyses of two nuclear ribosomal genes and COI under an array of methods and homology schemes found monophyly of Palpigradi, Eukoeneniidae and a division of Eukoeneniidae into four main clades, three of which include samples from multiple continents. This supports either ancient vicariance or long-range dispersal, two alternatives we cannot distinguish with the data at hand. In addition, we show that our results are robust to homology scheme and analytical method, encouraging further use of the markers employed in this study to continue drawing a broader picture of palpigrade relationships.

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Molecular phylogenetics and evolution of the food relocation behaviour of the dung beetle tribe Eucraniini (Coleoptera:Scarabaeidae:Scarabaeinae)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is05031 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (5) ◽

pp. 557 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Federico C. Ocampo ◽

David C. Hawks

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

South America ◽

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Plant Material ◽

Molecular Phylogenetics ◽

Middle Miocene ◽

Dung Beetle ◽

Sister Group ◽

Vicariant Event ◽

Andean Uplift

A phylogenetic analysis using 28S and 18S rDNA provides evidence that the tribe Eucraniini is a monophyletic group and the sister-group of the Phanaeini and Dichotomiini. Our molecular phylogeny of the dung beetle tribes provides strong evidence for the monophyly of the subfamily Scarabaeinae. The monophyly of the tribe Eucraniini is well supported and it includes the genera Anomiopsoides Blackwelder, Ennearabdus van Lansberge, Eucranium Brullé and Glyphoderus Westwood. The food-lifting relocation behaviour present in species of Eucranium, Anomiopsoides and Glyphoderus is considered a derived condition and it most probably evolved from tunnelling behaviour. The preference for dry dung or dung pellets by species of Eucraniini genera, and feeding on plant material by species of Anomiopsoides, are considered apomorphic. Our analyses suggest that rolling behaviour in the Scarabaeinae evolved at least twice during their evolution. The incidence of high endemicity of dung beetles in the Monte biogeographic province of Argentina suggests that the area constitutes an independent centre of evolution. Our hypothesis is that a vicariant event was responsible for the divergence of the Eucraniini from a Neotropical lineage ancestral to Eucraniini and Phanaeini. The isolation of the Eucraniini lineage probably occurred after the Andean uplift during the Quechua diastrophism (middle Miocene) that resulted in the creation of xeric plains in austral regions of South America.

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Direction of dispersion of cochineal (Dactylopius coccus Costa) within the Americas

Antiquity ◽

10.1017/s0003598x00052741 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 75 (287) ◽

pp. 73-77 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Luis C. Rodríguez ◽

Marco A. Méndez ◽

Hermann M. Niemeyer

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

North America ◽

South America ◽

Natural Dyes

Dactylopius coccus has been used in Mexico and Peru as a source of natural dyes since pre-Columbian times. A phylogenetic analysis of the genus Dactylopius, and the disjoint distribution of D. coccus, suggest that the origin of D. coccus is South America and was introduced into North America by sea routes.

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Phylogeny and biogeography of some Cretaceous spatangoid echinoids with special emphasis on taxa from the Western Interior Seaway

Journal of Paleontology ◽

10.1017/jpa.2020.102 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Steven Byrum ◽

Bruce S. Lieberman

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

North America ◽

South America ◽

Sea Level ◽

North Africa ◽

Marine Invertebrate ◽

Western Interior Seaway ◽

Biogeographic Patterns ◽

Family Level ◽

Character Matrix

Abstract Members of the echinoid order Spatangoida, a highly diverse and abundant marine invertebrate clade, were important denizens of the Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway (WIS), an epicontinental seaway that divided North America in two during an interval of greenhouse conditions between roughly 100 and 65 million years ago. A phylogenetic analysis of spatangoids was conducted using a character matrix of 32 characters from 21 species. Species that occur in the WIS were considered comprehensively, and species from other regions such as South America, Europe, and North Africa were also incorporated into the analysis. Phylogenetic patterns retrieved are largely congruent with preexisting family-level classifications; however, species within several genera, especially Hemiaster and Heteraster, need to be reassigned so that classification better reflects phylogeny. The genera Washitaster and Heteraster are closely related, as are Mecaster, Palhemiaster, and Proraster; Pliotoxaster, Macraster, and Hemiaster; and Micraster and Diplodetus. Biogeographic patterns were also considered using the phylogeny, and several episodes of vicariance and range expansion were identified. These were possibly related to some of the various major episodes of sea-level rise and fall during the Cretaceous. In particular, Valangian–mid-Aptian regressions may have caused vicariance within Heteraster and Washitaster while other early spatangoid vicariance may be related to regressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian. Further, vicariance caused by regressions during the mid-Cenomanian–Maastrichtian may have driven diversification within Micraster and Diplodetus. Last, transgressions during the late Aptian–early Cenomanian seem to have spurred prominent range expansions in Mecaster and Hemiaster.

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New species in Bryoria (Parmeliaceae, Lecanoromycetes) from north-west North America

The Lichenologist ◽

10.1017/s0024282916000268 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 48 (5) ◽

pp. 355-365

Author(s):

Leena MYLLYS ◽

Saara VELMALA ◽

Raquel PINO-BODAS ◽

Trevor GOWARD

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

North America ◽

South America ◽

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

East Asia ◽

Northern Hemisphere ◽

South East Asia ◽

North West ◽

Two New Species ◽

Variable Species

AbstractTwo new species of Bryoria are described based on morphology, chemistry and molecular phylogeny (ITS and Mcm7). Both species belong in section Bryoria, which was resolved as a polyphyletic group in the ITS+Mcm7 phylogeny. Bryoria alaskana belongs to a clade restricted to South-East Asia and north-west North America, and is so far known from south-east Alaska and the Sino-Himalayan Mountains. This highly variable species is most reliably recognized by its pendent, esorediate thallus, its production of fumarprotocetraric acid, and the combination of isotomic branching, abundant, whitish, predominantly fusiform pseudocyphellae, and sparse, short perpendicular side branches. Black emorient patches are lacking. Bryoria irwinii is endemic to north-west North America and is closely related to B. araucana from South America, B. poeltii from South-East Asia, as well as B. nadvornikiana and B. trichodes, both widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. It is a subpendent, esorediate species recognized by its predominantly anisotomic branching, olivaceous hue, black emorient patches, conspicuous pale brownish, fusiform pseudocyphellae, and numerous perpendicular, more or less basally constricted, side branches.

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Effects of insecticides on adults and eggs of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae)

Revista Colombiana de Entomología ◽

10.25100/socolen.v43i2.5945 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 43 (2) ◽

pp. 208 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Daniele Cristine Hoffmann Schlesener ◽

Jutiane Wollmann ◽

Juliano De Bastos Pazini ◽

Anderson Dionei Grützmacher ◽

Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

South America ◽

Chemical Control ◽

Stone Fruits ◽

Drosophila Suzukii ◽

Ovicidal Effect ◽

Mere Presence ◽

South Of Brazil ◽

Different Cultures ◽

First Time

Drosophila suzukii (Diptera, Drosophilidae) is an exotic species, endemic to Asia and currently a pest to small and stone fruits in several countries of North America and Europe. It was detected in 2013 for the first time in South America, in the south of Brazil. Unlike most drosophilids, this species deserves special attention, because the females are capable of oviposit inside healthy fruits, rendering their sale and export prohibited. Despite the confirmed existence of this species in different states of Brazil, this insect is yet been to be given the pest status. Nevertheless, the mere presence of this species is enough to cause concern to producers of small fruits and to justify further investigation for it’s control, especially chemical control for a possible change in status. Therefore, the goal of this work was to evaluate, in laboratory, mortality of D. suzukii adults and ovicidal effect when exposed to different insecticides registered for species of the Tephritidae and Agromyzidae families in different cultures. The insecticides deltamethrin, dimethoate, spinosad, fenitrothion, phosmet, malathion, methidathion, and zeta-cypermethrin resulted in mortality to 100 % of the subjects three days after the treatment (DAT). Regarding the effects over eggs, it was established that the insecticides fenitrothion, malathion, and methidathion deemed 100 % of the eggs not viable, followed by phosmet and diflubenzuron, which also caused elevated reduction in the eclosion of larvae two DAT.

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Phylogenetic analysis of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus type O circulating in the Andean region of South America during 2002–2008

Veterinary Microbiology ◽

10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.04.021 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 152 (1-2) ◽

pp. 74-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Viviana Malirat ◽

Ingrid Evelyn Bergmann ◽

Renata de Mendonça Campos ◽

Gustavo Salgado ◽

Camilo Sánchez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

South America ◽

Disease Virus ◽

Virus Type ◽

Foot And Mouth Disease ◽

Mouth Disease ◽

Andean Region ◽

Mouth Disease Virus ◽

Foot And Mouth ◽

Disease Virus Type

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Extensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Piscine Orthoreovirus Genomic Sequences Shows the Robustness of Subgenotype Classification

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10010041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Marcos Godoy ◽

Daniel A. Medina ◽

Rudy Suarez ◽

Sandro Valenzuela ◽

Jaime Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Genomic Segment ◽

Double Stranded Rna ◽

The Family ◽

Original Classification

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the family Reoviridae and has been described mainly in association with salmonid infections. The genome of PRV consists of about 23,600 bp, with 10 segments of double-stranded RNA, classified as small (S1 to S4), medium (M1, M2 and M3) and large (L1, L2 and L3); these range approximately from 1000 bp (segment S4) to 4000 bp (segment L1). How the genetic variation among PRV strains affects the virulence for salmonids is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular phylogeny of PRV based on an extensive sequence analysis of the S1 and M2 segments of PRV available in the GenBank database to date (May 2020). The analysis was extended to include new PRV sequences for S1 and M2 segments. In addition, subgenotype classifications were assigned to previously published unclassified sequences. It was concluded that the phylogenetic trees are consistent with the original classification using the PRV genomic segment S1, which differentiates PRV into two major genotypes, I and II, and each of these into two subgenotypes, designated as Ia and Ib, and IIa and IIb, respectively. Moreover, some clusters of country- and host-specific PRV subgenotypes were observed in the subset of sequences used. This work strengthens the subgenotype classification of PRV based on the S1 segment and can be used to enhance research on the virulence of PRV.

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Do We Need the Replacement of YSI 2300? A View from the Clinical Laboratory

Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ◽

10.1177/19322968211007170 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 193229682110071

Author(s):

Loukia Spanou ◽

Konstantinos Makris

Keyword(s):

Blood Glucose ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Glucose Monitoring ◽

Point Of View ◽

Blood Glucose Monitoring ◽

Monitoring Systems ◽

Comparator Method ◽

Specific Device ◽

Overall Performance

In this issue of Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology, Baumstark et al. evaluated the analytical performance of a bench-top laboratory glucose analyzer (SUPER-GL) intended for replacement for the YSI2300-STAT analyzer, that served for several decades as a comparator method in clinical and analytical studies of blood glucose monitoring systems (BGMS). The authors concluded that the SUPER-GL’s overall performance is comparable to that of YSI2300-STAT, and has the potential to be a candidate comparator analyzer. However, the question is if we need to recommend as a “comparator method,” a specific device, that measure glucose using the same analytical method with most BGMS. In this analysis we present our point of view hoping to generate a discussion on the necessity for such a replacement.

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Analysis of aircraft and satellite measurements from the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment (INTEX-B) to quantify long-range transport of East Asian sulfur to Canada

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-8-2999-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (11) ◽

pp. 2999-3014 ◽

Cited By ~ 225

Author(s):

A. van Donkelaar ◽

R. V. Martin ◽

W. R. Leaitch ◽

A. M. Macdonald ◽

T. W. Walker ◽

...

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

North America ◽

Long Range ◽

East Asian ◽

Chemical Transport ◽

Long Range Transport ◽

Free Troposphere ◽

Range Transport ◽

Transport Experiment ◽

Sulfur Emissions

Abstract. We interpret a suite of satellite, aircraft, and ground-based measurements over the North Pacific Ocean and western North America during April–May 2006 as part of the Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment Phase B (INTEX-B) campaign to understand the implications of long-range transport of East Asian emissions to North America. The Canadian component of INTEX-B included 33 vertical profiles from a Cessna 207 aircraft equipped with an aerosol mass spectrometer. Long-range transport of organic aerosols was insignificant, contrary to expectations. Measured sulfate plumes in the free troposphere over British Columbia exceeded 2 μg/m3. We update the global anthropogenic emission inventory in a chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) and use it to interpret the observations. Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) retrieved from two satellite instruments (MISR and MODIS) for 2000–2006 are analyzed with GEOS-Chem to estimate an annual growth in Chinese sulfur emissions of 6.2% and 9.6%, respectively. Analysis of aircraft sulfate measurements from the NASA DC-8 over the central Pacific, the NSF C-130 over the east Pacific and the Cessna over British Columbia indicates most Asian sulfate over the ocean is in the lower free troposphere (800–600 hPa), with a decrease in pressure toward land due to orographic effects. We calculate that 56% of the measured sulfate between 500–900 hPa over British Columbia is due to East Asian sources. We find evidence of a 72–85% increase in the relative contribution of East Asian sulfate to the total burden in spring off the northwest coast of the United States since 1985. Campaign-average simulations indicate anthropogenic East Asian sulfur emissions increase mean springtime sulfate in Western Canada at the surface by 0.31 μg/m3 (~30%) and account for 50% of the overall regional sulfate burden between 1 and 5 km. Mean measured daily surface sulfate concentrations taken in the Vancouver area increase by 0.32 μg/m3 per 10% increase in the simulated fraction of Asian sulfate, and suggest current East Asian emissions episodically degrade local air quality by more than 1.5 μg/m3.

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BIOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES ON XANTHIUM: TAXONOMIC APPRAISAL AND ECOLOGICAL STATUS

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b59-016 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 37 (2) ◽

pp. 173-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 66

Author(s):

Doris Löve ◽

Pierre Dansereau

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

South America ◽

Ecological Status ◽

Distinct Species ◽

Eastern North America ◽

Flowering Response ◽

Short Day ◽

Stable Species ◽

Enormous Variation

The following paper is an evaluation of the taxonomic and ecological status of the genus Xanthium L. A review of its systematics demonstrates that many so-called "species" described on material from Europe actually have their origin in America, except one, X. strumarium s. str., which seems to have a Mediterranean–European center of dispersal. Another conclusion drawn is that Xanthium consists of only two distinct species: X. spinosum L. and X. strumarium L. The former is a relatively stable species, the latter an enormously variable one readily subdivided into a number of minor taxonomic entities.Ecologically, in eastern North America at least, Xanthium is primarily a beach plant, which prefers open habitats and succumbs to crowding. The seeds are most often dispersed by water and wind. It enters easily into ruderal habitats, but only as long as these are open and unshaded.The generalized short-day flowering response in this genus supports our hypothesis that Xanthium has a tropical–subtropical origin, and we feel that it has its center in Central and/or South America, whence it has spread over the continents north and southward.There is no evidence for any sterility barriers separating the entities of X. strumarium, but we feel that an intense inbreeding with an occasional outbreeding is responsible for the enormous variation, often resulting in small, local, but unstable taxa.

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