scholarly journals Incorrect Information in Text and Tables

2014 ◽  
Vol 168 (6) ◽  
pp. 586
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (13) ◽  
pp. 7040
Author(s):  
Beat Meier ◽  
Michèle C. Muhmenthaler

Perceptual fluency, that is, the ease with which people perceive information, has diverse effects on cognition and learning. For example, when judging the truth of plausible but incorrect information, easy-to-read statements are incorrectly judged as true while difficult to read statements are not. As we better remember information that is consistent with pre-existing schemata (i.e., schema congruency), statements judged as true should be remembered better, which would suggest that fluency boosts memory. Another line of research suggests that learning information from hard-to-read statements enhances subsequent memory compared to easy-to-read statements (i.e., desirable difficulties). In the present study, we tested these possibilities in two experiments with student participants. In the study phase, they read plausible statements that were either easy or difficult to read and judged their truth. To assess the sustainability of learning, the test phase in which we tested recognition memory for these statements was delayed for 24 h. In Experiment 1, we manipulated fluency by presenting the statements in colors that made them easy or difficult to read. In Experiment 2, we manipulated fluency by presenting the statements in font types that made them easy or difficult to read. Moreover, in Experiment 2, memory was tested either immediately or after a 24 h delay. In both experiments, the results showed a consistent effect of schema congruency, but perceptual fluency did not affect sustainable learning. However, in the immediate test of Experiment 2, perceptual fluency enhanced memory for schema-incongruent materials. Thus, perceptual fluency can boost initial memory for schema-incongruent memory most likely due to short-lived perceptual traces, which are cropped during consolidation, but does not boost sustainable learning. We discuss these results in relation to research on the role of desirable difficulties for student learning, to effects of cognitive conflict on subsequent memory, and more generally in how to design learning methods and environments in a sustainable way.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 614-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Hatcher

President Trump’s communications during the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic violate principles of public health, such as practicing transparency and deferring to medical experts. Moreover, the president’s communications are dangerous and misleading, and his lack of leadership during the crisis limits the nation’s response to the problem, increases political polarization around public health issues of social distancing, and spreads incorrect information about health-related policies and medical procedures. To correct the dangerous path that the nation is on, the administration needs to adopt a more expert-centered approach to the crisis, and President Trump needs to practice compassion, empathy, and transparency in his communications.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 554-556
Author(s):  
Roy Meadow ◽  
Thomas Lennert

The terms Munchausen syndrome by proxy and Polle syndrome have both been used to describe the situation in which one person persistently fabricates illness on behalf of another (usually a mother on behalf of her child). However, investigation of the family records of the real life Baron von Munchausen in Germany reveal that Polle syndrome is an inappropriate title originally derived from incorrect information.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mart van Dijk ◽  
John B. F. de Wit ◽  
Rebecca Kamps ◽  
Thomas E. Guadamuz ◽  
Joel E. Martinez ◽  
...  

AbstractThe aim of this qualitative study was to explore the experiences of informal PrEP users regarding access to PrEP and PrEP-related healthcare, community responses, sexual behavior and well-being. We interviewed 30 men who have sex with men (MSM) in semi-structured online interviews between March and August 2018. Interviews were analyzed using interpretive description. Informal PrEP users were well informed about the use of PrEP, but sometimes did not make use of renal testing. Participants reported a lack of PrEP knowledge among healthcare providers, which limited their access to PrEP and put them at risk, as they received incorrect information. Although some participants reported negative reactions from potential sex partners, most received positive reactions and were sometimes seen as more desirable sex partners. PrEP healthcare services should not only be accessible to formal PrEP users, but also to PrEP users who procure PrEP informally.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Paulina Gailiūnienė

Research background. Education is one of the most important factors which determine society development. Moreover, it is continuously affected by the change of globalization. In Lithuania, during more than two decades, some positive changes took place in forming and carrying out education policy. However, some mistakes and drawbacks were not avoided, such as education segment nonconformity, globalization, changes and innovations ignorance, school’s bureaucratization, insufficiently and inefficiently distributed and controlled education funding, inefficient education strategies, the ignorance of innovations, globalization, etc. According to the most important documents of education policy in Lithuania, it has the priority and must determine general society development but still not achieved. The aim of the research. The purpose of the research is to analyse the realization system of education policy in Lithuania, also identify its main drawbacks and suggest recommendations to solve them as it is expedient to view and update the concept analysis of educational policy, taking more attention to the continuously changing spread contours of this conception. The research object is educational policy implementation in Lithuania. Methodology. The applied research methods were the analysis of theoretical literature, documents, law acts, interviewing the experts and comparative analysis. The research was carried out in March 2016 in Kaunas city and Kaunas district areas. The experts were chosen by the area of expertise and the location. There were six experts: two scientists, two representatives of the Kaunas district municipality and two experts of the administrational level. To ensure the confidentiality of these experts in this research, we used the method of data encryption: experts named “Expert A–F”. The main instrument was the interview guide which was made up to know experts’ opinions on each analysed area. The received data was systematized and presented in research areas as practical confirmation of the theoretical thesis. Results and conclusions. As a result, it was identified that the present realization system of education policy is not effective because of such reasons as the financing shortage in educational institutions, its inappropriate distribution, avoiding taking responsibility for mistakes and giving the incorrect information. Therefore, some problems in school bases, network, teaching staff and trainings are obvious. Moreover, it was offered to guide honest and clear principles, keeping sequence policy, defining problems more precisely, developing co-operation between institutions, reviewing students’ financing, taking into account the importance of school maintenance in small villages. The most important part is to distinguish the educational system as a priority in different areas. It should be guided by the implementation of political will.


2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 11-126
Author(s):  
M. Taufik Hidayatulloh ◽  
Kosbi Sahid

AbstractThe purpose of this research is; (1) Describe student activity in accessing information on social media, (2) Describing the kind of information that students often access, and (3) Explaining students’ perception of the hoax news. The subject of research is18-22 years old college students who actively used social media. The data was analized using the Miles and Huberman technique. Research shows that : (1) Subject activity in social media is a more a user update status/picture/video feature, stories and live feature, like/love feature, comentary feature dan repost feature. (2) Information often accessed by most of the subject is entertainment, religion and politics, and (3)subject perceives hoax news as incorrect information with far reaching long term effect.AbstrakTujuan dari penelitian ini adalah; (1) Mendeskripsikan aktivitas mahasiswa saat mengakses informasi di media sosial, (2) Mendeskripsikan jenis informasi yang sering diakses mahasiswa, dan (3) Menjelaskan persepsi mahasiswa terhadap berita hoax. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa usia 18-22 tahun yang aktif menggunakan media sosial. Analisis data menggunakan teknik Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Aktivitas subjek di media sosial lebih banyak pada fitur update status/gambar/video pengguna, fitur story dan live, fitur like/love, fitur comentary dan fitur repost; (2) Informasi yang sering diakses oleh sebagian besar subjek adalah hiburan, agama dan politik; dan (3) subjek memandang berita hoax sebagai informasi yang tidak benar, yang berdampak jauh dalam jangka panjang.


2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-239
Author(s):  
Dwi Putri Sartika Alamsyah ◽  
Ade Monica Windyanti ◽  
Dwiky Akbar Nugroho

AbstractIn the implementation of elections that go through a long and rigorous process, it still cannot guarantee that this election is conducted honestly and cleanly. So this is what causes the vote counting stage carrued out by the KPU/KPUD in various regions requires a very long time. The vote count in Indonesia is not only a quick count, one way to recapitulate during the election, but there is a real count and exit poll aslo a way to count the results of the vote. However, of the three types of recapitulation, there are several differences including the method used and the source of data obtained. As a result of this difference, in the percentage information that would implu uncertain information for the public who want to know about the vote count so as to reduce public confidence in the election process going forward. The method used in this study is an empirical research method that is analysing problem data and looking for information directly or using interview methods to complete the data in this study. This research is expected to produce a concrete analysis of three for calculating votes that are more efficient, precise and systematic in notification of information. Keyword: efficiency; incorrect information; three methods of counting votes AbstrakDalam pelaksanaan pemilu yang melalui proses yang panjang dan ketat, masih belum dapat menjamin bahwa pemilu ini dilakukan dengan jujur dan bersih., berbagai metode yang dilakukan oleh para kandidat merupakan faktor dalam terjadinya kecurangan dalam pemilu. Jadi inilah yang menyebabkan proses penghitungan suara yang dilakukan oleh masing-masing KPU/KPUD di berbagai daerah membutuhkan jangka waktu yang sangat lama. Penghitungan suara yang ada di Indonesia tidak hanya penghitungan cepat, salah satu cara untuk melakukan rekapitulasi selama pemilihan, tetapi ada penghitungan riil dan exit poll juga cara untuk menghitung hasil pemungutan suara. Namun, dari ketiga jenis rekapitulasi tersebut, ada beberapa perbedaan, termasuk metode yang digunakan dan sumber data yang diperoleh. Sebagai akibat dari perbedaan ini, dalam informasi persentase tersebut yang akan menyiratkan informasi tidak pasti  bagi publik yang ingin tahu tentang perhitungan suara sehingga dapat menurunkan kepercayaan masyarakat dalam proses pemilu kedepan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian empiris yaitu mengkaji data permasalahan dan mencari informasi secara langsung atau menggunakan metode wawancara untuk melengkapi data dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menghasilkan analisis konkret dari tiga metode untuk menghitung suara yang lebih efisien, tepat dan sistematis dalam pemberitahuan informasi.Kata kunci: efisiensi; informasi; tiga cara perhitungan suara


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