Preparation of zinc-oxide-free natural rubber nanocomposites using nanostructured magnesium oxide as cure activator

We describe the synergistic activities of binary vulcanizing accelerators in presence of magnesium oxide as cure activator in the vulcanization of natural rubber. Thiuram type tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) and thiocarbamate type zinc dimethyl dithiocarbamate (ZDMC) accelerators in combination with dibenzothiazyl disulfide (MBTS) were investigated for the vulcanization of rubber. The cure, mechanical, and thermal properties of rubber vulcanizates were studied with magnesium oxide-based cure activator. Notable synergism in the delta torque, cross-link density, and mechanical properties was found when using binary accelerators with magnesium oxide. The zinc-containing thiocarbamate accelerator, ZDMC, showed better synergistic activity in presence of magnesium oxide than the non-zinc-based thiuram accelerator, TMTD. To find out the possibility of making a zinc-oxide-free natural rubber compound, a control compound was prepared with 5 phr of zinc oxide as a cure activator with the best evaluated binary accelerators system with magnesium oxide (3:6 millimolar ratio of ZDMC to MBTS). We also compared the curing and mechanical properties of carbon black-reinforced rubber with zinc oxide and magnesium oxide separately with this binary accelerators system. The results indicated that a completely zinc-oxide-free natural rubber compound was possible with comparable values in the mechanical properties, thermal properties and a higher rate of vulcanization.

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Studies on natural rubber nanocomposites by incorporating zinc oxide modified graphene oxide

Journal of Rubber Research ◽

10.1007/s42464-020-00059-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 311-321

Author(s):

Jophy Jose ◽

Susamma Athikalam Paulose

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Graphene Oxide ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Modified Graphene Oxide ◽

Rubber Nanocomposites ◽

Modified Graphene

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Effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as cure activator on the properties of natural rubber and nitrile rubber

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.26296 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 105 (4) ◽

pp. 2407-2415 ◽

Cited By ~ 72

Author(s):

Suchismita Sahoo ◽

Madhuchhanda Maiti ◽

Anirban Ganguly ◽

Jinu Jacob George ◽

Anil K. Bhowmick

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Nitrile Rubber ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Cure Activator

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Natural and Synthetic Rubber. VI. the Pyrolysis of Natural Rubber in the Presence of Metallic Oxides

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/1.3547484 ◽

1931 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 98-99

Author(s):

Thomas Midgley ◽

Albert L. Henne

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Magnesium Oxide ◽

Double Bonds ◽

Decomposition Products ◽

Metallic Oxides ◽

Synthetic Rubber ◽

Natural And Synthetic

Abstract Pale crepe rubber pyrolyzed in the presence of zinc oxide or magnesium oxide gives the same decomposition products as in the absence of the oxides, but in different proportions. This modification is attributed to an action of the oxides upon the double bonds of the rubber molecule.

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PRECIPITATED NANO ZINC HYDROXIDE ON THE SILICA SURFACE AS AN ALTERNATIVE CURE ACTIVATOR IN THE VULCANIZATION OF NATURAL RUBBER

Rubber Chemistry and Technology ◽

10.5254/rct.18.83701 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 90 (4) ◽

pp. 714-727 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Md. Najib Alam ◽

Pranut Potiyaraj

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Precipitation Method ◽

Zinc Hydroxide ◽

Mechanical And Thermal Properties ◽

Cross Link ◽

Rubber Vulcanizate ◽

Link Density ◽

Cross Link Density ◽

Cure Activator

ABSTRACT We synthesized precipitated zinc hydroxide on the surface of precipitated silica via a conventional precipitation method. The zinc hydroxide is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, X-ray diffraction, and field-emission scanning electron microscope measurements. The synthesized zinc hydroxide is a platelike structure with an average nano dimension of 40 nm in crystalline depth. The aim of the present study is to reduce the cure activator level of conventional environment pollutant zinc oxide in the vulcanization of natural rubber. To study the effects of the synthesized zinc hydroxide on the vulcanization of natural rubber curing, mechanical and thermal properties were determined and compared with the vulcanized properties of conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) zinc oxide cured rubber vulcanizate. A strong enhancement in the cross-link density and mechanical properties (namely, modulus, tensile strength, and hardness) with only 2 phr of synthesized zinc hydroxide cured rubber system compared with 5 phr of conventional zinc oxide cured rubber system was found. A slightly higher thermal stability of 2 phr zinc hydroxide cured vulcanizate was observed because of better cross-link density than conventional 5 phr zinc oxide cured rubber vulcanizate. Thus, by this novel method, a greater than 60% reduction of the conventional cure activator level can be possible with improved physical properties in the vulcanization of natural rubber.

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Extraction and identification of fillers and pigments from pyrolyzed rubber and tire samples

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100163332 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 54 ◽

pp. 174-175

Author(s):

P. Sadhukhan ◽

J. B. Zimmerman

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Carbon Black ◽

Natural Rubber ◽

Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Rolling Resistance ◽

Synthetic Polymers ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Curing Agents

Rubber stocks, specially tires, are composed of natural rubber and synthetic polymers and also of several compounding ingredients, such as carbon black, silica, zinc oxide etc. These are generally mixed and vulcanized with additional curing agents, mainly organic in nature, to achieve certain “designing properties” including wear, traction, rolling resistance and handling of tires. Considerable importance is, therefore, attached both by the manufacturers and their competitors to be able to extract, identify and characterize various types of fillers and pigments. Several analytical procedures have been in use to extract, preferentially, these fillers and pigments and subsequently identify and characterize them under a transmission electron microscope.Rubber stocks and tire sections are subjected to heat under nitrogen atmosphere to 550°C for one hour and then cooled under nitrogen to remove polymers, leaving behind carbon black, silica and zinc oxide and 650°C to eliminate carbon blacks, leaving only silica and zinc oxide.

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Applications of ZnO and MgO Nanoparticles in Reducing Zinc Pollution Level in Rubber Manufacturing Processes: A Review

Current Biochemical Engineering ◽

10.2174/2212711906666200224105931 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 103-107 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seyyed Mohammad Javadi

Keyword(s):

Zinc Oxide ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Magnesium Oxide ◽

Environmental Effects ◽

Pollution Level ◽

Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Mgo Nanoparticles ◽

Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles ◽

Council Directive ◽

Zno Particles

Background: Rubber vulcanization is a consolidated chemical process to enhance the mechanical properties of the polymeric material by sulfur crosslinking of the polymer chains, such as rubber. Vulcanization Activators are important rubber processing additives that activate sulfur cure and improve the efficiency of sulfur-based cure systems. The most common activator is zinc fatty acid ester that is often formed in-situ by the reaction of fatty acid with zinc oxide. Although zinc is one of the less harmful heavy metals, according to European Council Directive 2004/73/EC, the reduction of zinc level in the environment has become an important task because of its toxic effect on aquatic organisms. : The current study reviews the research achievements in the field of reducing the consumption of micronutrients of ZnO particles based on the use of nanoparticles instead of them in the polymer industry. Among the proposed methods, due to the less environmental effects of magnesium oxide, the use of MgO nanoparticles instead of zinc oxide has also achieved good results. Objective: The aim of this paper is considering suggested different methods on the reduction of using ZnO particles in related industries, the use of ZnO nanoparticles has had better results than its particles. In addition, due to the less environmental effects of magnesium oxide, magnesium oxide nanoparticles can be used instead of micronutrients of zinc oxide. Overall, the results of various investigations show that reducing the diameter of the zinc oxide particles reduces the amount required for curing the rubber and thus reduces its toxic effects. Also, the use of magnesium oxide nanoparticles instead of zinc oxide in different concentrations is investigated.

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