Cerebral endogenous substrate utilization during the recovery period after profound hypoglycemia

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 437-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Benzi ◽  
R. F. Villa ◽  
M. Dossena ◽  
L. Vercesi ◽  
A. Gorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Endogenous Substrate

scholarly journals Energy substrate utilization with and without exogenous carbohydrate intake in boys and men exercising in the heat

2016 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1127-1134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela T. Leites ◽  
Giovani S. Cunha ◽  
Lisa Chu ◽  
Flavia Meyer ◽  
Brian W. Timmons
Keyword(s):  
Total Energy ◽  
Oxidation Rate ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Energy Yield ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Oxidation Efficiency ◽  
Over Time

Little is known about energy yield during exercise in the heat in boys compared with men. To investigate substrate utilization with and without exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo) intake, seven boys [11.2 ± 0.2 (SE) yr] and nine men (24.0 ± 1.1 yr) cycled (4 × 20-min bouts) at a fixed metabolic heat production ( Ḣ p) per unit body mass (6 W/kg) in a climate chamber (38°C and 50% relative humidity), on two occasions. Participants consumed a 13C-enriched 8% CHO beverage (CARB) or placebo beverage (CONT) in a double-blinded, counterbalanced manner. Substrate utilization was calculated for the last 60 min of exercise. CHOexo oxidation rate (2.0 ± 0.3 vs. 2.5 ± 0.2 mg·kg fat-free mass−1·min−1, P = 0.02) and CHOexo oxidation efficiency (12.8 ± 0.6 vs. 16.0 ± 0.9%, P = 0.01) were lower in boys compared with men exercising in the heat. Total carbohydrate (CHOtotal), endogenous CHO (CHOendo), and total fat (Fattotal) remained stable in boys and men ( P > 0.05) during CARB, whereas CHOtotal oxidation rate decreased ( P < 0.001) and Fattotal oxidation rate increased over time similarly in boys and men during CONT ( P < 0.001). The relative contribution of CHOexo to total energy yield increased over time in both groups ( P < 0.001). In conclusion, endogenous substrate metabolism and the relative contribution of fuels to total energy yield were not different between groups. The ingestion of a CHO beverage during exercise in the heat may be as beneficial for boys as men to spare endogenous substrate.

Substrate utilization and oxygen consumption by canine jejunal mucosa in vitro

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
RG Lester ◽  
E Grim
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Production ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Jejunal Mucosa ◽  
Single Animal ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Time Basis

Oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, and substrate utilization by small pieces of canine jejunal mucosa have been measured in vitro. In the absence of added substrate, the Qo2 was 0.21 mumol/h per mg dry wt and the respiratory quotient (RQ) was 0.73 indicating the endogenous substrate to be lipid in nature. When glucose or galactose was added, Qo2 and RQ increased. Metabolism of the endogenous substrate was depressed by fructose but not by glucose or galactose. Less than 15% of the metabolized glucose and fructose was degraded to Co2; 80% of the metabolized glucose was recovered as lactate. Galactose disappeared at one-seventh the rate of glucose, but 40% of that metabolized was degrated to CO2. In all experiments Qo2 showed marked cyclic fluctuations with an amplitude of 30-40% of the mean value and a period of 30-40 min. For tissues from a single animal, the cycles were in phase on a clock time basis, indicating that the cycles were synchronized by some in vivo mechanism.

scholarly journals Changes in breath 13CO2/12CO2 consequent to exercise and hypoxia

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 936-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. J. Barstow ◽  
D. M. Cooper ◽  
S. Epstein ◽  
K. Wasserman
Keyword(s):  
Lactate Threshold ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Isotopic Fractionation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Intrasubject Variability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Natural Enrichment ◽  
Rest And Exercise

Because the natural enrichment of carbohydrate with 13C is greater than that of lipid, we hypothesized that the natural enrichment of exhaled CO2 with 13C (EN) could be used to gauge endogenous substrate utilization in exercising human subjects. To test this, EN and the respiratory exchange ratio (R) which equals the respiratory quotient (RQ) in the steady state, were measured simultaneously in seven subjects. Rest and exercise protocols, performed under conditions of room air (sea level) and hypoxic (inspired O2 fraction = 0.15) breathing, were chosen to cause a variety of patterns of oxidative substrate utilization. Work rates were performed both below and above the subject's lactate threshold (LT). Work above the LT was expected to cause the greatest increase in EN reflecting greater utilization of glucose. There was significant intersubject (P less than 0.05) but not intrasubject variability in resting EN. By 40 min of exercise, EN increased significantly (P less than 0.05) over resting values in all exercise protocols during both room air and hypoxia conditions. In the room air studies, we found no difference in EN during the below-LT work, even though there were significant increases in O2 uptake (VO2). In contrast, above-LT work resulted in significantly greater increases in EN by 20 and 40 min of exercise (P less than 0.05). Contrary to our expectations, we observed no separate effect by hypoxia on the EN during exercise. Both EN and R tended to increase from rest to exercise, but during exercise there was no overall correlation between R and the EN. EN reflects changes in endogenous substrate utilization over relatively long periods of time such as at rest, but delays in the appearance of 13CO2 at the mouth due to dilution in body CO2 pools, and possibly isotopic fractionation, preclude the usefulness of EN as an indicator of endogenous fuel mix during short-term exercise.

Energy substrate utilization during prolonged exercise with and without carbohydrate intake in preadolescent and adolescent girls

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 995-1000 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian W. Timmons ◽  
Oded Bar-Or ◽  
Michael C. Riddell
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Fat Oxidation ◽  
Substrate Utilization ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Energy Substrate ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Flavored Water ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Estradiol Levels

Little information is available on energy metabolism during exercise in girls, particularly the contribution of exogenous carbohydrate (CHOexo). The purpose of this study was to determine substrate utilization during exercise with and without CHOexo intake in healthy girls. Twelve-yr-old preadolescent (YG; n = 12) and 14-yr-old adolescent (OG; n = 10) girls consumed flavored water (WT) or 13C-enriched 6% CHO (CT) while cycling for 60 min at ∼70% maximal aerobic power (V̇o2max). Substrate utilization was calculated for the final 15 min of exercise. CHOexo decreased fat oxidation by ∼50% in YG but not in OG ( P < 0.001) and decreased endogenous CHO oxidation by ∼15% in OG but not in YG ( P = 0.006). Endogenous CHO oxidation was lower in YG than in OG regardless of trial ( P ≤ 0.01), whereas fat oxidation was higher in YG only during WT ( P < 0.001). CHOexo oxidation rate was similar between YG and OG (7.1 ± 0.5 and 6.8 ± 0.4 mg·kg−1·min−1, respectively, P = 0.67), contributing ∼19% to total energy expenditure. Serum estradiol levels in all girls correlated with fat ( r = −0.50 to −0.59, P = 0.03 to 0.005) and endogenous CHO oxidation ( r = 0.50 to 0.63, P = 0.03 to 0.005) but not with CHOexo oxidation ( r = −0.09, P = 0.71). We conclude that CHOexo influences endogenous substrate utilization in an age-dependent manner in healthy girls but that total CHOexo oxidation during exercise is not different between YG and OG. Our results also point to potential sex-related differences in energy substrate utilization even during childhood.

The Effect of Exercise and Distraction on Blood Pressure Recovery Following an Anger-Provoking Stressor in Normotensive Young Adults

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faye S. Routledge ◽  
Judith A. McFetridge-Durdle ◽  
Marilyn Macdonald ◽  
Lynn Breau ◽  
Tavis Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Intervention Group ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
State Anger ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Anger Reactivity ◽  
Quiet Sitting

Ruminating about a prior anger provoking event is found to elevate blood pressure (BP) and delay BP recovery. Delayed BP recovery may be associated with increased risk of hypertension. Interventions that improve BP recovery may be beneficial for cardiovascular health. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the influence of rumination and anger on BP reactivity and recovery, to compare the effect of an exercise intervention or distraction intervention on BP recovery and to explore if exercise improved BP recovery by distracting participants from stressor-related rumination and anger. Healthy, normotensive participants (n = 79, mean age 22.2 ± 4.0 years) underwent an anger-recall interview stressor task, 3 min of exercise (walking), distraction (reading) or no-intervention (quiet sitting) and a 15 min recovery period. State anger reactivity was associated with Δ diastolic (D) BP reactivity and approached significance with Δ systolic (S) BP reactivity. Trait rumination was associated with greater SBP during recovery. Δ SBP recovery did not differ between the exercise, distraction and no-intervention groups. Although there were no differences in Δ DBP recovery between the exercise and no-intervention groups, distraction improved Δ DBP recovery compared to the exercise intervention but not the no-intervention. The proportion of anger-related thoughts (state rumination) in the exercise group did not differ from the distraction or no-intervention groups. However, a smaller proportion of participants in the distraction intervention reported an anger-related thought during recovery compared to the no-intervention group with 76% of their thoughts relating to the provided distraction. Overall, post-stressor exercise was not found to improve BP recovery while reading was effective at distracting individuals from angry thoughts (state rumination) but had no effect on BP compared to no-intervention.

Insulin-receptor autophosphorylation and endogenous substrate phosphorylation in human adipocytes from control, obese, and NIDDM subjects

Diabetes ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 250-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Thies ◽  
J. M. Molina ◽  
T. P. Ciaraldi ◽  
G. R. Freidenberg ◽  
J. M. Olefsky
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Receptor ◽  
Human Adipocytes ◽  
Endogenous Substrate ◽  
Substrate Phosphorylation

RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF FIBROSIS AND CONNEXIN CHANGES TOTHE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION SUBSTRATE DURING THE DEVELOPMENT AND REVERSAL OF CONGESTIVEHEART FAILURE

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Brett Burstein ◽  
Kunihiro Nishida ◽  
Philippe Comtois ◽  
Louis Villenuve ◽  
Yung-Hsin Yeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Potential Model ◽  
Diastolic Pressure ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Left Ventricular ◽  
Muscle Bundle ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Conduction Disturbances ◽  
Conduction Abnormalities ◽  
Mrna And Protein Expression

Background: Connexin alterations occur in various atrial fibrillation (AF) paradigms, but their functional significance remains unclear. No data are available regarding the effects of CHF on atrial connexin expression and phosphorylation. We therefore analyzed connexin changes and their contribution to the AF substrate during the development and reversal ofCHF. Methods and Results: Dogs were allocated to three groups: CHF induced by 2-week ventricular tachypacing (CHF, n=15); CHF dogs allowed to recover for 4 weeks after 2-week tachypacing (REC, n=15) and non-paced shams (CTL, n=11). Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure increased with CHF (14.5±1.0*** vs.3.7±0.7, ***P < 0.001 vs. CTL) and normalized upon CHF recovery (5.1±1.0^†††, ^††† P < 0.001 vs. CHF). Real-time PCR and Western-blot analyses revealed connexin43 (Cx43) and connexin40 (Cx40) mRNA and protein expression to be unchanged by CHF and REC. However, CHF caused Cx43 dephosphorylation(by ~73%***) and increased Cx40/Cx43 protein ratio (by ~35%***), with both alterations completely reversing in REC. Immunofluorescent confocal microscopy confirmed connexin protein trends, with a reduction in phosphorylated Cx43 (by ~68%*** in CHF) that returned to control in REC. CHF caused conduction abnormalities (phasedelay-range and heterogeneity index, both P < 0.01) and burst pacing-induced AF prolongation (CTL 22±7s, CHF 1100±171s***, REC 884±220s***) which persisted in the recovery period, along with residual fibrosis (CTL 3.6±0.7%, CHF 14.7±1.5%***, REC13.3±2.3%***). Fibrosis physically interrupted muscle bundle continuity and anionically-based action potential model of canine atrium showed that fibrosiswas able to account for the observed conduction abnormalities. Conclusions: CHF causes connexin-dephosphorylation and Cx40/Cx43ratio increases. With CHF reversal, atrial connexin alterations recover completely, but tissue fibrosis, conduction abnormalities and a substrate forAF remain with fibrosis accounting for conduction abnormalities. Thus, althougha trial connexin changes occur with CHF, they are not essential for conduction disturbances and AF promotion, which appear rather to be related primarily tofibrotic interruption of muscle-bundle continuity.

The Economics of wages and wages policy in the depression and recovery period: distinctive elements in the New Zealand debate, 1931- 1936

1970 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Endres
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Real Wage ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Prima Facie ◽  
Currency Devaluation ◽  
Money Wage ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Compulsory Arbitration ◽  
Wage Cuts

This article discusses distinctive features of the New Zealand debate on the economics of wages and wages policy from 1931 up to the restoration of compulsory arbitration in 1936. Local economic orthodoxy proffered advice which, consistent with Keynes (1936), turned on the need for a general real wage reduction effected mostly through currency devaluation, rather than through further money wage cuts. Dissenters were critical of currency devaluation; they stressed excessively generous unemployment relief, real wage 'overhang' and structural real wage distorttons. Tentative estimates of both aggregate real product wage and labour productivity changes demonstrate, prima facie, that at least one strand in the dissenting argument was defensible.

Correction of cytochemical changes in patients with occupational allergodermatosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 661-661
Author(s):  
E. K. Krasavina ◽  
I. V. Yatsyna
Keyword(s):  
Recovery Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ozone Therapy

Professional allergodermatoses are accompanied by cytochemical and immunochemical changes in the body of patients. The use of ozone therapy techniques in this category of patients can accelerate the recovery period and normalize the above indicators.

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