The arginine vasopressin V1b receptor gene and prosociality: Mediation role of emotional empathy

The Aim of this study was to determine Immunogenetic expression of Toll-like receptor gene clusters related to prostatitis, to give acknowledge about Role of TLR in prostatitis immunity in men from Basrah and Maysan provinces. A case–control study included 135 confirmed prostatitis patients And 50 persons as a control group. Data about age, marital status, working, infertility, family history and personal information like (Infection, Allergy, Steroid therapy, Residency, Smoking, Alcohol Drinking, Blood group, Body max index (BMI) and the clinical finding for all patients of Prostatitis were collected. This study shows the effect of PSA level in patients with prostatitis and control group, with P-value <0.0001 therefore the study shows a positive significant between elevated PSA levels and Prostatitis.

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Conceptualizing and Measuring Affective and Cognitive Empathy

The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679446.013.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 8-30

Author(s):

Ross Buck ◽

Zhan Xu

Keyword(s):

Mental States ◽

Cognitive Empathy ◽

Emotional Empathy ◽

Symbolic Communication ◽

Current State ◽

Communication Processes ◽

Neuroscience Research ◽

Emotion Displays ◽

Central Nervous Systems

Individual differences in the ability to recognize emotion displays relate strongly to emotional intelligence, and emotional and social competence. However, there is a difference between the ability to judge the emotions of another person (i.e., emotional empathy) and the ability to take the perspective of another person, including making accurate appraisals, attributions, and inferences about the mental states of others (i.e., cognitive empathy). In this chapter, we review the concept of emotional empathy and the current state of the field, including emerging and converging evidence from neuroscience research that emotional and cognitive empathy involve doubly dissociable brain systems. We also discuss emerging literature on the physiological mechanisms underlying empathy in the peripheral and central nervous systems. We then distinguish spontaneous and symbolic communication processes to show how cognitive empathy emerges from emotional empathy during development. Development starts with the prelinguistic mutual contingent responsiveness of infant and caregiver yielding “raw” primary intersubjectivity, then secondary and tertiary intersubjectivity advances with increasing social experience, and finally cognitive empathic abilities expand in perspective taking and Theory of Mind (ToM) skills. We then present an Affect-Reason-Involvement (ARI) model to guide the conceptualization and measurement of emotional and cognitive empathy. We consider emotion correlation scores as a flexible and valid approach to empathy measurement, with implications for understanding the role of discrete emotions in decision making. Finally, we apply this reasoning to recent studies of the role of emotion and empathy in bullying.

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The Hormonal Underpinnings of Sexual Communication

The Oxford Handbook of the Physiology of Interpersonal Communication ◽

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190679446.013.14 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 234-260

Author(s):

Amanda Denes ◽

Anuraj Dhillon ◽

Ambyre L. P. Ponivas ◽

Kara L. Winkler

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Sexual Communication ◽

Receptor Gene ◽

Oxytocin Receptor ◽

Communication Research ◽

Future Directions ◽

Oxytocin Receptor Gene ◽

Broad Domain ◽

Relational Outcomes

Sexual communication is a pivotal part of interpersonal relationships; recent research reveals associations between sexual communication and various relational outcomes. Within the broad domain of sexual communication, current scholarship specifically addresses the role of postsex communication in relationships and its links to physiological and genetic markers. Given these advancements, the present chapter offers an overview of research linking physiology, hormones, and genes to communication after sexual activity. The chapter first presents reviews of two key hormones in sexual communication research: testosterone (T) and oxytocin (O). The oxytocin receptor gene and its link to social behavior broadly, and sexual behavior specifically, is also explored. The chapter then offers a review of several theories relevant to understanding the hormonal underpinnings of sexual communication, as well as future directions for research exploring sexual communication and physiology.

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Chronic intravenous administration of V1 arginine vasopressin agonist results in sustained hypertension

AJP Heart and Circulatory Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpheart.1994.267.2.h751 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (2) ◽

pp. H751-H756 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

A. W. Cowley ◽

E. Szczepanska-Sadowska ◽

K. Stepniakowski ◽

D. Mattson

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Arginine Vasopressin ◽

Plasma Catecholamines ◽

Plasma Osmolality ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Prolonged Administration ◽

Chronic Stimulation ◽

Sustained Hypertension ◽

Sprague Dawley Rats

Despite the well-recognized vasoconstrictor and fluid-retaining actions of vasopressin, prolonged administration of arginine vasopressin (AVP) to normal animals or humans fails to produce sustained hypertension. The present study was performed to elucidate the role of the V1 receptor in determining the ability of AVP to produce sustained hypertension. Conscious Sprague-Dawley rats with implanted catheters were infused with the selective V1 agonist, [Phe2,Ile3,Orn8]vasopressin (2 ng.kg-1.min-1), for 14 days in amounts that were acutely nonpressor. Blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), body weight, and water intake (WI) were determined daily. Plasma AVP, plasma catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine, plasma osmolality, and electrolyte concentration were determined before and on days 1 and 7 of infusion. MAP increased significantly by 10.4 +/- 4.5 mmHg on day 1 and rose to 22 +/- 5 mmHg above control by day 14 (transient decrease on days 6-9) and then fell to control levels after the infusion was stopped. HR did not change significantly. Plasma AVP immunoreactivity increased from 2.5 +/- 0.3 to 10.9 +/- 2.1 pg/ml, whereas norepinephrine tended to fall only on day 1, with epinephrine only slightly elevated on day 7. No evidence of fluid retention was found, and rats lost sodium only on the first day of V1 agonist infusion. Body weight increased throughout the study but was unrelated to the changes of MAP. We conclude that chronic stimulation of V1 receptors results in sustained hypertension in rats.

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